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At the end of the eighteenth century, the Cherokee tribe was living in the mountain areas of northern Georgia and…
Maria Amparo Ruiz was born into an aristocratic Latino family on the Baja peninsula in Mexico. Her grandfather, Don Jose…
American Expansion, 1820-1900 In 1898, Frederick Jackson Turner declared the frontier the defining feature of American culture, but American authors…
Interview Excerpt: Hazel Markus on the Emergence of Cultural Psychology Dr. Hazel Markus explains how the inextricable factor of one’s…
Essay: Understanding Cognitive Neuroscience The experiments in this program help illustrate not only the brain’s flexibility and responsiveness, but also…
Interview Excerpt: Stephen Ceci on Child Witness Credibility Research Psychologist Stephen Ceci discusses the psychological factors that must be considered…
Essay: Holistic Medicine and the Biopsychosocial Approach Recent studies in the relationship between mind and body hint at new ideas…
Interview Excerpt: Hans Strupp on Psychodynamic Therapy Dr. Hans Strupp discusses the elements necessary from both patient and therapist for…
Experiment: The Genetics of Schizophrenia Psychopathology is defined as the study of any significant behavioral or psychological syndrome that impairs…
Interview Excerpt: Steven Hassan on the Power of Cults and the Myths Surrounding Them Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Cult…
Experiment: Simulating Prison Life In the early 1970s, Craig Haney, Curt Banks, Carlo Prescott, and Philip Zimbardo conducted a landmark…
Test Yourself: Myths and Realities About Old Age As the human life span increases, the elderly make up a greater…
Experiment: Developmental Gender Study Some of the most basic differences between the sexes are revealed at a very young age.…
Interview Excerpt: Howard Gardner on Multiple Intelligences Dr. Howard Gardner defines mulitiple intelligences and explains how the theory represents intelligences…
Experiment: How Self-Efficacy Affects Performance In this program, psychologists study elements that influence how we view ourselves. We’ve learned from…
Interview Excerpt: Jonathan Schooler on Discovered Memory and False Memory Dr. Jonathan Schooler describes how the brain’s susceptibility to false…
Essay: The Anatomy of Dreams “Sleep…knits up the raveled sleave of care.” —William Shakespeare On average, we are asleep for…
Interview Excerpt: Martin Seligman on Optimism and Pessimism Dr. Martin Seligman describes how attitudes of optimism and pessimism influence job…
Test Yourself: Decision Making and the Availability Heuristic In this program, psychologist Daniel Kahneman conducts a study illustrating the availability…
Interview Excerpt: Robert Glaser on Cognitive Processes Researcher Dr. Robert Glaser explains how the process of organizing knowledge in sophisticated…
This timeline places literary publications (in black) in their historical contexts (in red).
Essay: The Biology of Memory Memory is defined as stored information. When we take in information — a lecture, for…
Experiment: How Pigeons Learn Self Control In the study of behavior, operant behavior is affected by the environment, and operative…
Interview Excerpt: David Hubel and the Visual Pathway Dr. David Hubel explains how cellular structures in the nervous system create…
Interview Excerpt: Daniel Slobin on Patterns in Language Development Dr. Slobin discusses how grammatical errors offer insights into how children…
One of the best known and most highly regarded pre-nineteenth-century American poets, Phillis Wheatley achieved poetic fame despite her status…
Born into a wealthy Boston family, Royall Tyler would grow up to become the author of the first successful and…
Susanna Rowson’s colorful life story in some ways resembles one of the melodramatic plots of her popular novels and plays.…
President John F. Kennedy paid tribute to Thomas Jefferson’s many accomplishments when he told a group of Nobel Prize winners…
Margaret Fuller ranked among the most celebrated public intellectuals in her own day, an accomplishment that is especially remarkable given…
Benjamin Franklin’s extraordinary energy and varied talents made him successful as a writer, humorist, statesman, diplomat, businessman, and scientist. The…
Ralph Waldo Emerson was the preeminent philosopher, writer, and thinker of his day, best known for articulating the ideals of creative…
Jonathan Edwards’s writings articulate a complex synthesis of traditional Puritan piety, beliefs in the potential of the human will, and…
Although his writings evince a reverence for pastoral, quiet farm life, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur led a restless…
William Apess composed the first published autobiography by a Native American. Born in Massachusetts, Apess was part of the Pequot…
Declaring Independence, 1710-1850 The Enlightenment brought new ideals and a new notion of selfhood to the American colonies. This program…
John Woolman was born into a Quaker family in West Jersey (later New Jersey) in 1720. From an early age,…
Born into a wealthy landholding family in southern England in 1588, John Winthrop entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age…
Interview Excerpt: Judy Deloache on Symbolic Reasoning Researcher Judy Deloache describes how children’s recognition of scale models as representations reflects…
Experiment: The African Cichlid Fish Dr. Russell Fernald is a neuroethologist at Stanford University. Neuroethology integrates brain science with the…
Essay: The Brain and Amnesia The human brain is an extraordinarily complex organ made up of different regions and parts,…
Essay: Research in Action Research often begins with a question. Traditionally, answers have been found in lab experiments, surveys, test…
Edward Taylor was born in Leicestershire, England, in 1642 to Nonconformist parents of modest circumstances. In his mid-twenties, frustrated by…
Delve into the structure of the Earth to learn what causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and more.
Born around 1637 in Somerset, England, Mary White was the sixth of ten children. Her family immigrated to New England…
William Penn was an unusual convert to Quakerism. Most Quakers came from relatively humble backgrounds and possessed little formal education,…
Samson Occom was born in 1723 in a Mohegan Indian community in Connecticut. At the age of sixteen he was…
The historical record does not offer much detail about Thomas Morton’s early life beyond the basic facts that he was…
Sarah Kemble was born in Boston in 1666, the daughter of Thomas Kemble, a successful merchant, and Elizabeth Trerice, who…
Anne Bradstreet was born in England in 1612 to well-connected Puritan parents. Her father, Thomas Dudley, was unusual in his…
Born in 1590 in Yorkshire, England, William Bradford was orphaned at a young age and reared by his grandparents and…
Puritan and Quaker Utopian Visions, 1620-1750 When British colonists landed in the Americas they created communities that they hoped would…
Experiment: Tracking Racial Bias Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes.…
A video instructional series on introductory psychology for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 26 half-hour video programs …
One of the first American writers of mixed ethnic heritage, Garcilaso de la Vega signaled his mestizo identity by proudly…
Often called the first culturally or mestizo writer, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca composed his Relation to narrate his extraordinary experience as a Spaniard who…
A consummate self-promoter, John Smith would be delighted with the privileged position that his adventures in Virginia have assumed within…
Born in the town of Brownsville on the border between south Texas and Mexico, Americo Paredes became an eloquent interpreter…
Adriaen Van der Donck began his professional life studying law at the University of Leyden in the Netherlands. Then, in…
In his 1828 biography of Christopher Columbus, American author Washington Irving styled Columbus as the archetypal American hero. Walt Whitman…
Often called the “Father of New France,” Samuel de Champlain was a leader in exploring and claiming vast areas of…
Bernal Díaz del Castillo was born in the Castile region of Spain in 1492, the same year that Christopher Columbus…
Sometimes celebrated as the “conscience” of Spanish colonization, Bartolomé de las Casas was one of the first Europeans to recognize…
Gloria Anzaldúa’s work is fundamentally concerned with articulating what she calls a “new mestiza consciousness,” an identity characterized by hybridity, flexibility, and…
Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa tells us that the border is “una herida abierta [an open wound] where the lifeblood of…
Read and listen to stories with some words left blank. Fill in the blank words, check your score and get…
Luci Tapahonso and Louise Erdrich Both Luci Tapahonso and Louise Erdrich emphasize the relationship of female power to Native American…
Although we do not have written texts by Algonquian Indians from the very early contact period, we can learn about…
A Navajo woman born in Shiprock, New Mexico, Luci Tapahonso grew up on a farm within the largest Indian reservation…
Myths-deeply traditional stories that explain the origins of a phenomenon or cultural practice—serve as some of the foundational narratives for…
Leslie Marmon Silko was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the house where her father was also born. She grew…
Simon J. Ortiz’s world is one of mixtures and doublings, of multiple identities: he has an American name and an…
Born into the Oglala Lakota, Black Elk was an important Sioux visionary and religious leader. As a young man he…
Born in England and educated at Oxford, Thomas Harriot was employed as a young man by the explorer Sir Walter…
One of the most tragic events in Native American history was the massacre of some two hundred Sioux men, women,…
Born in Little Falls, Minnesota, Louise Erdrich is a member of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa tribe of North Dakota. The…
Frances Densmore collected these Chippewa songs between 1907 and 1909. The songs reflect the culture of the Chippewa peoples who…
Native Americans had established a rich and highly developed tradition of oral literature long before the writings of the European…
» Carolee Schneemann (American, b. 1939) A pioneering feminist artist, Carolee Schneemann investigates women’s lives, bodies, and roles in society. Although…
» Maori artist, New Zealand The body is central to the art of many Pacific Island cultures both in terms of…
» Unknown artist, India Between 950 and 1050, as many as eighty-five ornate, sculpture-laden temples were built by the Chandela kings…
» Ga’anda artist, Nigeria/Chad Among the Ga’anda (also known as Mokar) people of Nigeria and Chad, vessels such as this one…
» Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, 1475–1564) In 1508, Pope Julius II (1444–1513) commissioned Michelangelo to paint a series of ceiling frescos for…
» Unknown artist, Tell el-Amarna, Egypt This statuette depicting the pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later called Akhenaten) and his queen, Nefertiti, exemplifies…
» Kara Walker (American, b. 1969) Throughout her career, Kara Walker has used flat, black silhouette cutouts, often applied directly to…
» Diego Rivera (Mexican, 1886–1957) Often called los tres grandes, or “the big three,” Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro…
» Anthemius of Tralles (Greek, active 6th c.) and Isidorus of Miletus (Greek, active 6th c.) (architects) Located in present-day Turkey,…
» Lalla Essaydi (Moroccan, b. 1956) In this photograph, number thirty in Lalla Essaydi’s Converging Territories series, we see a progression of Muslim…
» Chinese School When Mao Zhedong first came to power in 1949, he encouraged artists to create “art for the people”…
» Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish, 1746–1828) Francisco Goya was the official court painter for Spanish King Charles IV until…
» Josef Koudelka (Czech/French, b. 1938) In 1955, several Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe joined the Soviet Union in…
» Olafur Eliasson (Danish, b. 1967) Olafur Eliasson installed his New York City Waterfalls at four carefully chosen locations along the…
» Alexander Calder (American, 1898–1976) Many American urban centers were in decline in the 1960s. Federal and local government leaders in…
» Darius Jones (Leon Reid IV) (American, b. 1979) in collaboration with Brad Downey (American, b. 1980) Leon Reid IV, who…
» Unknown artist(s), Rome In the summer of 13 BCE, the Roman senate issued a decree calling for the construction of…
» Unknown artist(s). Uruk, Mesopotamia In the fourth millennium BCE, the world’s first urban revolution took place in southern Mesopotamia. There,…
» Unknown artist(s), Niger Inland Delta, Mopti Region, Mali Located in present-day Mali on the floodlands between two rivers, the Niger…
» William van Alen (American, 1882/3–1954) At the beginning of the twentieth century, some American cities began looking to skyscrapers as…
» Iktinos and Kallikrates (architects); Pheidias (fl. c. 490–430 BC) (sculptor) In the early fifth century BCE, the Athenian Acropolis was…
» India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Black Stork in a Landscape represents a school of Indian art known as “Company Painting” that arose…
» Frederick Law Olmsted (American, 1822–1903) and Calvert Vaux (English, 1824–1895) Although New York City’s Central Park can seem wild and…
» Turenscape with the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture, Peking University. Kongjian Yu (Chinese, b. 1963) (principal designer) In the summer…
» Kay WalkingStick (American, Cherokee, b. 1935) Since the 1980s, the works of Kay WalkingStick, who is of Cherokee and Scottish…
» Anatjari (Yanyatjarri) Tjakamarra (Australian, Pintupi language group, ca. 1938–1992) Anatjari (Yanyatjarri) Tjakamarra, an Aboriginal artist born in the southern Pintupi…
» Wee artist, Liberia/Cote d’Ivoire Among the Wee (or Wè) of Liberia and the Ivory Coast, individuals sponsor festivals that take…
» Shipibo-Conibo artist, Peru The Shipibo-Conibo people of the Amazonian region of Eastern Peru mark a girl’s passage into womanhood (and…
» Albrecht Altdorfer (German, 1480–1538) Before the sixteenth century, landscape elements in European paintings were invariably secondary to figures constituting the…
» Otto Dix (German, 1891–1969) German artist Otto Dix was part of the Neue Sachlichkeit, or New Objectivity, movement centered in Berlin…
» Unknown artist, Nineveh In the earliest Mesopotamian city-states, local gods were considered the kings of individual regions with human rulers…
» Mark Shaw (American, 1922–1969) John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier married in 1953. Even before JFK was elected president in…
» Alice Neel (American, 1900–1984) Throughout her long career, expressive, penetrating portraits were a vital focus of Alice Neel’s artwork. Many…
» Hans Holbein the Younger (German, 1497–1543) or Workshop In 1526, Hans Holbein the Younger, his career in religious painting disrupted…
» Sir Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599–1641) As a young man in Antwerp, the ambitious and talented Anthony van Dyck trained…
» Mirza Baba (Persian, active 1789–1810) Fath ‘Ali Shah, the second ruler of the Qajar Dynasty, governed in Iran from 1798…
» John J.B. Murry (Murray) (American, 1908–1988) J.B. Murry began his artistic career late in life after experiencing a series of…
» René Magritte (Belgian, 1898–1967) The Belgian Surrealist painter René Magritte often challenged viewers’ expectations and perceptions through the juxtaposition of…
» Joseph Kosuth (American, b. 1945) American artist Joseph Kosuth is one of the primary figures associated with the 1960s movement…
2» Xu Bing (Chinese, b. 1955) Xu Bing grew up in China, but moved to New York shortly after the 1989…
» Maya artist, Yucatán Peninsula probably, Mesoamerica The height of Maya civilization in what are now parts of Central America and…
A video instructional series on geology for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 26 half-hour video programs. This…
» Elizabeth Van Horne Clarkson (American, 1771–1852) In the first decades after independence, quilts and quilt-making became increasingly popular among Americans.…
» Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) (Swiss, 1887–1965) Le Corbusier was a philosopher of architecture as much as he was a designer…
» William Morris (British, English, 1834–1896) and John Henry Dearle (British, 1860–1932) (designers) In 1861, the design firm of Morris, Marshall,…
» Korean artist Openwork porcelain brush holders like this one gained popularity in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Korea. Brush holders, along…
» Faith Ringgold (American, b. 1930) Tar Beach 2 is what Faith Ringgold refers to as a story quilt. Inspired by African…
» Unknown Artist, Egypt Egyptian beliefs held that the preservation of the physical body was crucial to the survival of the…
» Unknown artist(s), China Qin Shi Huangdi (r. 246–210 BCE) is considered one the greatest military leaders of Chinese history. Initially…
» Unknown artist, France La Dance Macabre or “Dance of Death” is a medieval parable on the universality of death. Its lesson:…
» Unknown artist, United States This circular miniature preserves the memory of the Hays brothers—Solomon (d. 1798) and Joseph (d. 1801)—both…
» Hans Holbein the Younger (German, 1497–1543) On the left of Hans Holbein’s painting stands Jean de Dinteville, the ambassador to…
» Asmat artist(s), Omadsep village, New Guinea, Papua (Irian Jaya) Province, Indonesia Traditionally, the Asmat people of southwest New Guinea believed…
» Wassily Kandinsky (French, born Russia, 1866–1944) Believing that an engagement with the spiritual could ennoble his artwork, in the early…
» Vitaly Komar (Russian, b. 1943) Vitaly Komar’s Forest as a Temple is an image of ecumenical spirituality couched in the essential mystery…
» Kayapó Mekrãgnoti artist, Brazil The Kayapó are a group of tribes and sub-tribes who reside south of the Amazon River…
» French School This illustration comes from a circa eleventh-century French version of the Phenomena. Written by the third century BCE poet…
» Mathis Gothart Neithart (Matthias Grünewald) (German, 1480–1528) The closed exterior of Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece depicts the Crucifixion in the central…
» Yoruba artist, Igbóminà Region, Nigeria The Yoruba people, numbering about twenty-five million, make up one of the oldest and largest…
» Unknown artist, Nepal According to Buddhist belief, enlightenment is a state in which one comes to understand the true nature…
» Unknown architect(s) (possibly Syrian), Andalucía (Islamic Spain) In 711, a Berber army led by Arab commanders conquered the Spanish in…
» Kambot (Tin Dama) artist, Karem River, Lower Sepik region, Papua New Guinea This carved and painted figure, made by the…
» Yombe artist and ritual specialist, Democratic Republic of Congo Minkisi (singular nkisi), often referred to in English as “power figures,” were made…
» Rony Leonidas (Haitian, b. 1946) Although it seems to have its roots in the pagan past, Carnival is first known…
» CHiXapkaid (Michael Pavel) (b. 1959); Kay-UAmihs (Winona Plant); and Sm3tcoom (Delbert Miller) (1944-2005), Skokomish Indian Nation, Southern Puget Salish, Pacific…
» American artist In June of 1986 on a beach in San Francisco, Larry Harvey and Jerry James, with the help…
» Mohammed ibn al-Zain (Egyptian or Syrian) The Mamluks, the majority of whom were ethnic Turks, were a group of warrior…
» Hyacinthe Rigaud (French, 1659–1743) Although this portrait presents a credible, if idealized, likeness of the sixty-three-year-old Louis XIV, similitude was…
» Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471–1528) and others Fascinated with the new technology of printmaking, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519)…
» Shimon Attie (American, b. 1957) Throughout his career, Shimon Attie has used a variety of photographic and video media to…
» George Catlin (American, 1796–1872) In 1830, the United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which initiated the forced, government-sanctioned…
» Shimon Attie (American, b. 1957) Artist Shimon Attie uses photography, video, and installation to restore the memory of people and…
» Peter Eisenman (American, b. 1932) In 1999, a decade after the Berlin Wall had come down, Berlin was re-established as…
How can art help us come to terms with traumatic memory? An important function of much artwork dealing with history…
» Rajasthani School, India The Ramayana, composed by the ancient poet Valmiki, is one of two great Sanskrit epics, the other being…
» Unknown artist, Tabriz, Iran Written in the early eleventh century by Abu’l Qasim Ferdowsi, the Shahnama is an epic poem relating the…
Can images lend authority to mythic history? The line between fact and fiction is often very blurry, especially when it…
» Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (Spanish, 1599–1660) In the early 1630s, a massive project to build and decorate a…
» Rosenthal, Joe (American, 1911–2006) Photojournalist Joe Rosenthal took this photograph of five U.S. Marines and a Navy corpsman triumphantly raising…
When it comes to art, how do we define historical accuracy? We often think of history painting in terms of…
» Jacob Lawrence (American, 1917–2000) The subject of Jacob Lawrence’s Migration Series, of which this painting is a part, is the mass…
» Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748–1825) In eighteenth-century France, a hierarchy existed among genres of painting. An ambitious artist who aspired to…
» Frida Kahlo (Mexican, 1907–1954) Mexican painter Frida Kahlo is best known for her often wrenching, always mysterious self-portraits. Although each…
» William Blake (English, 1757–1827) William Blake was an exceedingly imaginative and eclectic artist and poet with a deeply religious and…
» Margaret Anjullu (Anjule Bumblebee) (Aboriginal, n.d.) In Aboriginal cultures, Tjukurrpa (the Dreaming) encompasses a diverse collection of beliefs and stories about creator…
» Sandy Skoglund (American, b. 1946) American photographer Sandy Skoglund creates brightly colored fantasy images. She builds elaborate sets, filled with…
» Charles Méryon (French, 1821–1868) The nineteenth-century etcher Charles Méryon was a keen observer whose works, many of which feature Parisian…
» René Magritte (Belgian, 1898–1967) In Magritte’s painting, The False Mirror, a huge human eye completely covers the canvas. The image jolts…
» Edvard Munch (Norwegian, 1863–1944) The Scream is perhaps the most famous painting by the most famous Norwegian artist. Many of Edvard…
» Unknown painter; Sultan Muhammad Nur (calligrapher) (Uzbekistani, active first half of 16th century) The Prophet Muhammad rides on the back…
» Unknown artist, Venice, Italy Because of Venice’s geographic location, it was perfectly suited to be a center of maritime trade.…
» Takashi Murakami (Japanese, b. 1962) Along with the Mickey Mouse-like Mr. DOB, Miss ko2 is one of Takashi Murakami’s most recognized characters.…
» Kuroda Seiki (Japanese, 1866–1924) In the mid-nineteenth century, Japan abandoned its Seclusion Policy after some two centuries of limited international…
» Miguel Luciano (Puerto Rican, b. 1972) Miguel Luciano, a Puerto Rican-born artist who lives and works in the United States,…
» Unknown artist, Mexico As early as the sixteenth century, Spanish conquistadors were procreating with local Indian women in Mexico. By…
» Ou family of Wenzhou, Zhehian Province, China Basically rectangular in form with gentle curves and swells near the bottom, this…
» Dinka artist, Sudan In many African societies, the human body is recognized as a significant medium and support for the…
» Unknown artist, United States In cultures around the world, fashion is one of the most important and most common forms…
Is fashion art? Clothing can be a powerful means of communication. It can reveal something about an individual’s personality, or…
» Roman artist During the Hellenistic period in Greece, statues of Aphrodite became increasingly popular. The most renowned of these Greek…
» Unknown artist (probably Syrian), Nimrud, Iraq This ivory carving of a female figure portrays a woman who is completely nude…
Is the meaning of nudity in art universal? We often think about the nude as the body in its most…
» Masaccio (Italian, 1401–28) Masaccio’s Adam and Eve Banished from Paradise, executed around 1427, is one of a series of frescoes in…
» Bamana artist, Kala, Mali These flanitokelew, or twin statuettes, created by the Bamana (also known as the Bambara) people of Mali,…
How are attitudes toward the naked body expressed through art? Although the body is a ubiquitous subject in world art,…
» Unknown artist, Deir el-Bersha, Egypt This painted relief comes from the tomb of Djehutyhotep, a nomarch, or “governor,” of the Fifteenth…
» John Singer Sargent (American, 1856–1925) Although given the title Madame *** at the Paris Salon of 1884, contemporary viewers would have easily…
What kinds of messages can be conveyed through a body’s posture and pose? For thousands of years, the female body…
» Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452–1519) Leonardo da Vinci’s iconic and much copied Vitruvian Man brings together two essential aspects of Renaissance notions…
» After Polykleitos of Argos (Greek, ca. 480/475–415 BCE) Created by master sculptor Polykleitos of Argos (ca. 480/475–415 BCE), the Doryphoros, or Spear-Bearer,…
Can art contribute to the formation of bodily ideals? Conceptions of bodily beauty and perfection are not universal. Rather, they…
» Paul Gauguin (French, 1848–1903) Paul Gauguin abandoned his native France for most of the 1890s to live on the remote…
» Shigeyuki Kihara (Japanese-Samoan, b. 1975) In the Western world today, the dichotomy between man and woman, male and female is…
What becomes of the “colonial” body in post-colonial art? European colonial imagery often emphasized the exoticism and sexuality of indigenous…
From painting to sculpture, body art to performance art, the body has figured prominently in the creative expression of nearly…
» Utagawa Kuniyoshi (Japanese, 1797–1861) In the early nineteenth century, the supernatural gained widespread popularity in Japanese popular culture. Ghosts, demons,…
» Honoré Daumier (French, 1808–1879) In his publications La Caricature and Le Charivari, both founded in the early 1830s, Charles Philipon was one of…
What makes art an effective form of social commentary or political criticism? Art has long been a forum for expressing…
» Unknown artist(s), Nineveh, Iraq This is one of several huge panels from the Nineveh palace of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE), king…
» Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881–1973) The 1937 World Exposition in Paris took place during a period in Europe that was fraught…
What can images of war tell us about attitudes toward war? War, of course, is a subject that arouses intense…
Extra #2: Pencil Beam Scanning Ethan Cascio and Harald Paganetti describe pencil beam scanning—their proton therapy research, which will change…
Extra #1: The Cyclotron Jay Flanz describes the cyclotron accelerator, which accelerates protons up to an energy that is required…
» Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) (Chinese, 1626–1705) After conquering Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty in China in the thirteenth century, a…
Extra: NIST Atomic Clocks John Lowe with the National Institute of Standards and Technology demonstrates the concept of atomic time…
» Aleksandr (Alexander) Mikhailovich Rodchenko, (Russian, 1891–1956) The 1917 Russian Revolution overthrew the Czarist monarchy in favor of a collective, utopian…
How can artists use images to serve or resist institutions of power? Art has long been an instrument of propaganda.…
» Franz Hogenberg (German, ca. 1540– ca. 1590) For John Calvin, leader of a major Protestant reform movement in sixteenth-century Europe,…
» Sayed Salahuddin (Afghan, b. 1970) Situated along the ancient trade network we now know as the Silk Road, the Bamiyan…
What happens when art is at the center of conflict? The power of images and their role in religious worship…
» Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish, 1746–1828) The 1808 invasion of Spain by Napoleon’s army and the succeeding French occupation,…
» Édouard Manet (French, 1832–1883) Befitting the nature of the historical event on which its subject matter is based, Édouard Manet’s…
How and why do we represent scenes of conflict? In the Execution of Maximilian I, Manet clearly draws on the model…
Throughout history, groups and individuals have sought not only to maintain control over their own lives, but also to assert…
» Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, 1632–1675) Vermeer’s View of Delft, painted between 1660 and 1661, is one of the best-known of all Dutch…
» Utagawa (Ando) Hiroshige (Japanese, 1797–1858) A popular art form that developed during the period of Tokugawa rule in Japan (1603–1868), ukiyo-e prints…
Can an urban landscape be experienced through representation? A number of factors can shape the way one looks at and…
» Andrea del Verrocchio (Italian, 1435–1488) This monumental bronze equestrian sculpture, which stands in the Campo di SS. Giovanni e Paolo…
» Christo (American, Bulgarian-born, b. 1935) and Jeanne-Claude (American, French-born, 1935-2009) The collaborative artistic team Christo and Jeanne-Claude have been working…
What is the function of art in public places? Art in public spaces is sometimes, but not always, civic in…
» Umberto Boccioni (Italian, 1882–1916) When F.T. Marinetti founded the Futurist movement in 1909, it was largely literary in nature. The…
» Gustave Caillebotte (French, 1848–1894) With its gaslights, carriages, and cobblestone streets, Gustave Caillebotte’s Paris Street; Rainy Day may seem to some twenty-first-century…
Why has the modern city inspired so many artists? In ancient Mesopotamia, the rise of the city inspired innovation. In…
» David McShane (American, b. ca. 1970) In 1984, the city of Philadelphia established an agency dedicated to urban renewal through…
» José Clemente Orozco (Mexican, 1883–1949) In the 1920s, the post-revolutionary Mexican government under the leadership of President Alvaro Obregón called…
What makes a mural relevant to its audience? Murals are grand-scale paintings moved off of canvases, panels, and paper and…
» Paul Philippe Cret (French, 1876–1945) and Jacques Greber (French, 1882–1962) (designers) The City Beautiful movement arose around the end of…
» Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, 1475–1564), Carlo Moderno (Italian, 1556–1629), Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Italian, 1598–1680), et al. The fourteenth century was a…
How can urban planning communicate ideology? Urban planning shares many elements in common with the traditional fine arts of painting…
For thousands of years cities have been hubs of activity, centers of industry, and places from which new aesthetic trends…
» Eadweard Muybridge (British, emigrated to the US, 1830–1904) Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904) was an English expatriate who rose to prominence as…
» Utagawa (Ando) Hiroshige (Japanese, 1797–1858) Suijin Shrine and Massaki on the Sumida River is number 35 of the 118 woodblock prints…
Does art influence the way we view the natural world? Landscapes can offer vicarious travel through the physical world, transport…
» Possibly Adena culture (500 BCE–200 CE) or Fort Ancient culture (1000 CE–1550 CE) Mound building first appeared in North America…
» Robert Smithson (American, 1938–1973) In the 1960s and ’70s, a number of artists, primarily in the United States and Britain,…
Why do we create Earthworks? In the twentieth century, creators of Land Art turned their backs on the industrial sensibilities…
» Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael (Dutch, 1628/9–82) Seventeenth-century Dutch landscape artists did not paint en plein air (“in the open air”). When Jacob…
» Albert Bierstadt (American, born Germany, 1830–1902) On the rocky ledges in the left foreground, two small figures on horseback lend…
How can landscape speak to issues of national identity? The way one sees and represents the natural world is filtered…
» Roman artist A peristyle courtyard was a popular feature of ancient Roman villas. Surrounded by a covered walkway, this interior…
» Henry Hoare II (1705–1785) and Henry Flitcroft (1687–1768) (designers) In the seventeenth century, English gardens tended to look toward French…
Does art imitate nature or vice versa? Where do we draw the line between art and nature? Does one shape…
» Joachim Patinir (Netherlandish, d. 1524) Joachim Patinir’s triptych features the penitent St. Jerome in its central panel. The left wing…
» Guo Xi (Kuo Hsi) (Chinese, ca. 1000–1090) Following the collapse of the Tang dynasty (618–906), many Chinese painters seem to…
How can art help us see the spiritual in nature? The notion that the natural world is also a spiritual…
From the earliest times, people have found sustenance and solace, challenge and mystery in the natural world. From representations of…
Online Text by Robert Kirshner The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
» Thomas Eakins (American, 1844–1916) Thomas Eakins was a prominent Philadelphia painter, classically trained at The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine…
» Kosho (Japan, active late 12th–early 13th century) Created by the thirteenth-century Japanese sculptor Kosho, St. Kuya displays a strikingly realistic style that…
How can we represent the intangible in portraits? Portraits often convey information about the identity of their subjects through tangible…
» Andy Warhol (American, 1928–1987) Pop artist Andy Warhol lived a glamorous life full of parties and glitterati. He constantly encountered…
» Moche artist, Peru In the ancient world, portraiture frequently meant generic representations that were associated with particular individuals through the…
Why make more than one copy of a portrait? Today, the use of digital cameras makes it possible for us…
» Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (Spanish, 1599–1660) The equestrian portrait has a long history in European art going back…
» Kehinde Wiley (American, b. 1977). American painter Kehinde Wiley creates large and conceptually complex portraits. He reinterprets old master history,…
How can a portrait make a broader social statement? Throughout history, portraits have often borrowed elements from earlier works of…
» Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881–1973) In the long and celebrated career of Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein is an early work. Picasso…
» Akan artist, Twifo region, Hemang city, Ghana Known as “memorial heads,” Akan terracottas like this one were created upon an…
What does “likeness” mean? The notion that likeness means an accurate representation of individual facial features in a realistic mode…
» Unknown artist, Thebes, Egypt Likeness was never a chief concern for Egyptian portraiture, which instead emphasized idealized appearance. The longevity…
» Faro (Egyptian, active early 21st century) As an ad hoc creative outlet, graffiti has existed since ancient times. However, twenty-first-century…
» Jenny Holzer (American, b. 1950) Active since the late 1970s, American artist Jenny Holzer works primarily in words. With the…
In the public sphere, what makes writing art? People have been putting words on walls for centuries. Out in the…
» Johann Gutenberg (German, ca. 1400–1468) (publisher) According to a French book printed in 1471, “There was near Mainz a certain…
» Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Italian, 1876–1944) Filippo Tommaso Marinetti was a poet and political activist who founded and led the Italian…
How has technology impacted the relationship between word and image? The invention of moveable type in the fifteenth century was…
» Aaron Wolf Herlingen (Austrian, ca. 1700–ca. 1757) Talented and prolific, Aaron Wolf Herlingen of Gewitsch belonged to a group of…
» Kojima Soshin (Japanese, 1580–ca. 1656) In the early seventeenth century, Japan closed its doors to the outside world, initiating a…
When it comes to the art of writing, how important is legibility? Although we tend to regard the primary function…
» Unknown artist, attr. to Spain According to religious tradition, the Muslim holy book, the Qur’an (meaning “recitation”), is the Word…
» Unknown artist, Spain This illuminated manuscript, produced around 1300, is one of the oldest surviving Haggadot from Spain. The Haggadah is a…
Why do we decorate sacred text? Throughout history, art and writing have had a special relationship to religion. Many of…
» Ed Ruscha (American, b. 1937) After attending art school in Oklahoma, Ed Ruscha relocated to Los Angeles in 1956. He…
» Attr. to Bishop Eadfrith of Lindisfarne (698–721), Northumbria (England) In the Middle Ages, scriptoria, or scribal workshops, in religious institutions were…
Where do we draw the line between word and image? There are many reasons for putting words in art and…
» Wu Zhen (Chinese, 1280–1354) Bamboo has been an important and meaningful subject for painting during many periods in Chinese history.…
» Egyptian artist, Abydos possibly, Northern Upper Egypt The city of Abydos, on the west bank of the Nile in central…
What is the relationship between word and image? Both Chinese and ancient Egyptian writing systems were based on visual signs.…
» Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780–1867) Set against a dark background, Napoleon strikes a rigidly frontal pose. Seated on an ornate throne,…
How can portraits convey authority? For thousands of years, rulers and would-be rulers have used portraits to assert their legitimacy,…
Throughout history and across cultures, people have shown a fascination with faces, and in turn, with portrait representation. The depiction…
Images and words are symbols that both denote actual things, like people, objects, and places, and connote more abstract ideas,…
» Turkmen (Turkoman) artist The Turkmen are an ethnolinguistic group that have lived for centuries in Central Asia and today inhabit…
» Andi Ouhoulou (Tuareg, Kel Ewey, n.d.), Agadez, Niger Traditionally a semi-nomadic, pastoral people, the Tuareg are spread out over the…
How can a way of life influence a culture’s artistic forms? Nomadic lifestyles call for domestic objects that are first…
» Walker Evans (American, 1903–1975) Walker Evans’s photograph of Bud Fields and Lily Rogers Fields with their daughter captures the bleak…
» Jan Olis (Dutch, ca.1610–76) Five figures are gathered around a table in room that is sparely furnished and modestly decorated.…
What can we learn from images of domestic life? Familial structures and domestic activities play a major role in virtually…
» Korean artist The Chosôn (or Joseon) period in Korea lasted over five hundred years, from 1392 to 1910. Among the…
» Unknown artist, Pompeii, Italy In the year 79, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and…
What is the role of painting in domestic life? Painting played an important role in the homes of both the…
» Frank Lloyd Wright (American, 1867–1959) The Kauffmans—Edgar, Liliane, and their son Edgar, Jr.—lived in Pittsburgh, where they owned a department…
» Kirghiz maker(s) The Kirghiz are a Turkic group who live as pastoral nomads in a small region of the Pamirs,…
What do our homes say about us? That which is necessary varies from culture to culture. Rural nomadic peoples have…
» Mary Lee Bendolph (American, b. 1935), Gee’s Bend Quilter’s Collective, Gee’s Bend, AL Mary Lee Bendolph is one of more…
Where is the line between “art” and “craft”? Because they served practical functions and were not made of particularly durable…
» Marcel Breuer (American, born Hungary, 1902–81). Manufactured by Standard Möbel, Germany Marcel Breuer was trained, and later taught, at the…
» Philip Speakman Webb (British, 1831–1915)(designer) Beginning in the 1830s, design reform was an issue of serious concern in England, where…
Where is the art in design? Industrialization and the coming of the machine age provoked strong reactions in a number…
From furniture and tapestries to bowls and baskets, art has figured prominently in domestic life for thousands of years. Within…
» Unknown Artist, Deir el-Bahri, western Thebes, Egypt Preservation of the deceased’s body was critical, according to ancient Egyptian beliefs about…
» Workshop of Kane Quaye, Teshe, Ghana For the Ga, the dominant ethnic group in southern coastal Ghana, funerals are a…
What do funerary arts reveal about cultural beliefs and values? The way a society or community treats the bodies of…
» Vanuatu artist(s), Tomman Island, Vatbuyang Village, Vanuatu In many Pacific Island cultures, the head is considered the seat of the…
» Yoruba artist, Nigeria The Yoruba, who number over twenty-five million, live primarily in Nigeria, with smaller populations in the Republics…
How can art make the absent present? In many cultures, art serves as a means to keep the deceased present…
» Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Netherlandish, c. 1525–1569) Painted by Bruegel around 1562, this apocalyptic work known as the Triumph of Death depicts…
» School of/Style of Hirotaka, Japan “The Wheel of Life,” according to traditional Buddhist cosmology, contains six realms of birth (rokudō)…
What can art about death tell us about life? Death is, in some ways, the greatest mystery of life. Almost…
» Unknown artist, Germany The Ars Moriendi (The Art of Dying Well) was one of the first runaway successes of the fifteenth-century printing…
» Unknown artist, Egypt In ancient Egypt, the belief in an afterlife led to the development of a complex culture of…
How has art been used as a guide to death and dying? Both the Book of the Dead and the Ars…
» Angelo Filomeno (Italian, b. 1963) Angelo Filomeno’s work, My Love Sings When the Flower is Near (The Philosopher and the Woman),…
» José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1852–1913) Intended as social satire, José Guadalupe Posada’s calaveras (images of skulls or animated skeletons) commented on the…
Can art uncover a lighter side of death? The ubiquitous skulls and skeletons that appear in art across time and…
Death is one of the few experiences common to all people and all societies. But how different people have conceived…
» Kalurama (Indian, n.d.) According to Hindu teaching, the universe is neither singular nor constant. Rather, it has been created and…
» Cliff Whiting (Maori, b. 1936) Cliff Whiting’s Te wehenga o Rangi Raua ko Papa (The Separation of Rangi and Papa) represents a…
Why do we visualize creation? Virtually every culture and every religion has a story that explains the beginnings of the…
» Probably Greek or Byzantine artist(s), Venice, Italy Over the course of the ninth through the eleventh centuries, three major building…
» Unknown architect(s), Mecca Rebuilt innumerable times throughout the centuries, the Ka’ba stands at the center of an enormous public square…
What is the relationship between art, ritual, and belief? The spaces in which and at which people worship can tell…
» Unknown artist, Valley of the Meuse, (present-day Belgium) Reliquaries appear in Christian practice early in the second century, reaching the…
» Moscow School In the artistic tradition of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, an icon is a representation of a sacred event or…
How can art facilitate communication with the divine? In many religions, art and architecture have been used to concentrate spiritual…
» Unknown Artist, Greece Created in the beginning of the Classical Period of Greek sculpture (ca. 480–300 BCE), this elegant and…
» Unknown artist, India The roots of Hinduism go back several millennia and the religion, over time, has been influenced by…
How do we picture our gods? Ironically, while our gods have often been understood as artists sculpting the human form,…
» Unknown architect(s), France Notre Dame in Paris is representative of a new type of monumental church building that emerged in…
» Unknown architect(s), Mayan, Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico The great stepped pyramid called El Castillo that dominates the remains of the…
What can architecture tell us about belief? Our beliefs often determine the form of our sacred structures. But the opposite…
In all cultures, people strive to understand their reason for being and their place in the universe. Art can be…
» Mende artist, Sierra Leone Among the Mende people in Sierra Leone, the Sande (or Bondo) society has traditionally overseen the…
» Balinese artist, Indonesia For centuries masks have been an integral part of Balinese ritual life. This carved, wooden mask represents…
How do masks transform their wearers? Masks exist in almost every culture, and although they might be worn in different…
» Tekke artist, Turkmen, Turkmenistan The Turkmen are an ethnic group with a shared Turkic language who are first described in…
» British artist European women’s fashion from at least the fifteenth through much of the eighteenth century was focused on creating…
Why do we “dress up” for ceremonial occasions? Most of us distinguish between our “everyday” clothing and the clothing that…
» Attributed to Bulaqi A number of manuscripts or albums documenting events from the life of the emperor in both text…
» Unknown artist(s), Persepolis King of Persia and ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, Darius I began building the monumental palace complex…
What is the significance of location in ceremonies? Ceremonies can happen anywhere. An intentionally chosen location, however, can heighten the…
» Yoruba artist, Nigeria Headdresses like this one are among the most important items comprising ceremonial royal regalia among the Yoruba.…
» Hawaiian artist, Polynesia Traditionally featherwork was a common form of ornamentation across Polynesia. Certain colored feathers were attributed more value…
How can dress convey power? Because a costume can imprint its wearer with signs of status, secular authority, and spiritual…
» French artist Although studies suggest that it is comprised of parts created between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, this sword…
» Attributed to the Buli Master, Luba, Democratic Republic of Congo From as early as the seventeenth century, the Luba people…
What role do objects play in ceremonies of power? In every culture, there are objects and symbols that are associated…
People across the world engage in a wide range of ceremonial rites and spectacles. Some of these are religious, others…
» Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) In the early 1620s, Marie de’ Medici commissioned the most respected and celebrated painter of the…
» Arrow (Elk Society), Cheyenne (active 19th century), Central Plains The period spanning the 1850s through the 1870s was one of…
Why might individuals document their personal histories in art? Art can be used to tell the history of countries, communities,…
» Roman artist(s) The Column of Trajan represents an appropriation of Greek art—the column was a Greek form and the figures…
» Unknown artist(s), France or England The two-hundred-thirty-foot long textile we now know as “the Bayeux Tapestry” is, in fact, not…
How can images be used to structure historical narratives? Historical narratives are found in art across cultures. They appear in…
» Mexican School, Oaxaca In both the Pre-Columbian and colonial periods in Mesoamerica, historical documentation focused largely on images. The lienzo, a…
» Luba artist, Democratic Republic of the Congo The Luba kingdom emerged as a powerful political entity in Central Africa as…
How can pictorial history support dynastic rule? Where rulership is dynastic, history—specifically genealogy—can be critical to the authority and stability…
Art has been a medium through which people have not only documented, but also shaped history—both past and future. Periodically,…
» Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Italian, 1598–1680) Born in the Castilian town of Ávila in 1515, Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada…
» Maya artist, Yaxchilán, Chiapas, Mexico The city of Yaxchilán, located along the Usumacinta River in Chiapas, Mexico, was founded in…
Why do we depict visionary experience? Although most people in modern Western society tend to associate visions with psychosis, at…
» Tosa Mitsunobu (Japanese, 1434–1525) Working in collaboration with the courtier-scholar Sanjonishi Sanetaka (1455–1537), imperial court painter Tosa Mitsunobu created some…
» Salvador Dalí (Spanish, 1904–1989) Salvador Dalí’s distinctive style is evident in the elaborately named Dream, Caused by the Flight of a…
How do we represent dreams in art? Both of these works feature a woman asleep and presumably dreaming. The nature…
» Flores Island, Indonesia Sisilia Sii, a weaver on the island of Flores in Indonesia, creates traditional textiles using the ikat…
» Shona artist, Zimbabwe The Shona people live in the present-day regions of Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique. Although the Shona do…
What is the relationship between art and dreams? Across the world, many cultures hold the belief that artistic creation can…
» Mokuan Reien (Japanese, d. 1345) The Chinese school of Buddhism known as Chan first trickled into Japan (where it was…
» Francisco de Zurbaràn (Spanish, 1598–1644) Francisco de Zurbaràn’s image of Saint Francis of Assisi combines austere naturalism with mystical intensity.…
How can art represent that which is unseeable? Art has been used in many cultures and at many times as…
» Wifredo Lam (Cuban, 1902–1982) Cuban artist Wifredo Lam, like many of his Surrealist colleagues, was deeply interested in mysticism and…
» Hieronymus Bosch (Netherlandish, ca. 1450–1516) Hieronymus Bosch, famous for his fantastical, often monstrous, hybrid creatures, might in some ways be…
How can imagined scenes speak to real-world concerns? When twentieth-century Cuban artist Wifredo Lam lived in Europe, he saw Hieronymus…
Art, of course, is about seeing. But it is not always about representing the world as it exists, and sometimes…
» Edo artist, Court of Benin, Nigeria The Portuguese arrived in West Africa in the fifteenth century and almost immediately began…
» Kano School, Japan Namban (or nanban), which literally translates as “southern barbarians,” was a term commonly applied to the Portuguese traders who…
What can images of foreigners tell us about the people that make them? Many cultures have looked to artistic representation…
» Kitagawa Utamaro (Japanese, 1753–1806) Kitagawa Utamaro was one of the preeminent printmakers in Edo (present-day Tokyo) in the late eighteenth…
» Mary Cassatt (American, 1844–1926) In The Fitting, Impressionist artist and American expatriate Mary Cassatt offers viewers a scene of everyday life…
What makes a work of art appealing to a foreign audience? After Japan opened up to trade and political relations…
» Gondar Workshops, Ethiopia African belief systems traditionally have shied away from representations of supreme deities. Instead the focus has been…
» Unknown artist, Peru The Spanish who invaded Mesoamerica and South America in the sixteenth century were soldiers, adventurers, merchants, and…
How can art aid in the reconciliation of new and old beliefs? Through trade, travel, conquest, and missionary zeal, Christianity…
» Unknown artist, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, China The first porcelain was produced in China during the Tang dynasty (608–906). During the…
» Unknown artist, Iznik, Turkey The trade of goods and exchange of culture between China and Persia dates back to the…
How can art inspire technical innovation? When one group of people wants something that another has, they have several options…
» Dip Chand (Indian, active 18th c.) In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a royal charter to the newly formed East…
» Attr. to Gentile Bellini (Italian, ca. 1429–1507) In 1453, Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) fell to the Ottoman Turks. This conquest…
How can hybrid art define individual identity? We generally think about portraits as expressions of one’s identity. What does it…
Throughout history, economic needs, material desires, and political ambitions have brought people from different cultures and communities into contact, sometimes…
The human impulse to create art is universal. Art has been has been a way to communicate beliefs and express…
5-Question Survey: Reviewing the Previous Sessions The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your…
Linda Block, Castro Valley, CA “I think that the process skills of making observations, asking questions, comparing things, coming up…
Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research on children’s ideas about science. Consider…
A Closer Look Look for the following topics in the video, indicated by the onscreen icon, and click below to learn…
5-Question Survey: Heat and Temperature The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your ideas…
Paula Proctor; Worcester, MA “I want there to be a dialogue of science in this school. From my point of…
Children’s Ideas About Heat and Temperature Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from…
5-Question Survey: Rising and Sinking The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your ideas…
Monique Brinson; Jamaica Plain, MA “Science was a subject area that I greatly enjoyed as a youngster and I want…
Children’s Ideas About Rising and Sinking Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from…
5-Question Survey: Density and Pressure The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your ideas…
Tina Grotzer; Arlington, MA “You can’t understand the nature of density without understanding matter. You can’t understand air pressure, and…
Children’s Ideas About Density and Pressure Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from…
5-Question Survey: Chemical Change The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your ideas or…
Rebecca Cituk, Portsmouth, RI “My interest in science started with my love of the outdoors and when I began wondering…
Children’s Ideas About Chemical Reactions Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research…
The following is a simulation of one material dissolving into another material. The substance we would like to have dissolved…
Virtual Particle Lab: Dissolving During Session 3, one of the physical changes we examined was dissolving, particularly dissolving salt in…
Rosinda Almeida, Cambridge, MA “When students are into their experiments with hands and minds, they will always come up with…
Children’s Ideas About Conservation of Matter Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from…
Virtual Particle Lab: Compressibility of Air Air, unlike water, can be compressed. Why? In Session 2, we introduced the particle…
Linsey Newton; Hudson, MA “The most satisfying thing about teaching is really seeing a light bulb go off in a…
4-Question Survey: Matter The series of questions presented in this activity will help you find out your ideas or your…
Cindy Plunkett; Boxborough, MA “My father was an elementary school biology teacher and a principal and my mother was a…
Carol Berlin; Framingham, Massachusetts “There’s so much I want a child to leave my class with. The first thing I…
Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research on children’s ideas about science…
Kathy Price; Bloomfield, New Mexico “Naaba Ani is a Navajo term for a safe haven or a cave or a…
Barbara Waters with Robin Geggett; Mashpee, Massachusetts “Asking a question is harder than giving an answer. My thesis is over…
Duke Dawson, Science Consultant with Debbie Bastian; Worcester, Massachusetts “I remember chemistry classes where we’d get nine-page protocols of what…
Children’s Ideas About Mountains Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research on…
Ariel Owen and Jeff Parrish; Walnut Creek, CA “I think it’s really hard to learn something new — just phenomenally…
Keedar Whittle; Dorchester, MA “Science is an ongoing process and as long as students can critically think and justify what…
Children’s Ideas About Earth’s Interior Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research…
Laurie Wicks; Middletown, DE “Children are natural scientists, and they ask a lot of great questions. They’re not intimidated. I…
Children’s Ideas About Rocks Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research on…
Bottle Biology Spotlight The Bottle system that has been designed to accompany Session 7 – Energy Flow in Communities –…
MaryAnn Bernstein, Burlington, MA “If kids are going to spend their time learning this material, investigating this material, it’s important…
Melissa Minnick, Walkersville, MD “I think that when we teach life science with a hands-on constructivist method, we will bring…
Children’s Ideas About Energy Flow in Communities Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled…
Bottle Biology Spotlight To accompany Sessions 5 and 6, the “Field Population System” has been designed to demonstrate the fundamentals…
Gail Modugno, Springfield, MA “My fifth graders start out with a lot of natural curiosity about life science. I think…
Children’s Ideas About Biological Evolution Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from research…
Bottle Biology Spotlight The Bottle system that has been designed to accompany Session 5 – Variation, Adaptation, and Natural Selection…
Dr. Kathleen Vandiver, Lexington, MA “I think being a sixth-grade teacher is one of the most challenging things I’ve done…
Children’s Ideas About Variation, Adaptation, and Natural Selection Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic,…
Bottle Biology Spotlight It’s never too late to start your own Bottle Biology system. The bottle system that has been…
Sally Florkiewicz, Lakewood, CO “The best part about teaching life science is that I think the kids really relate to…
Children’s Ideas About Animal Life Cycles Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic, compiled from…
Look for the following topics in the video, indicated by the onscreen icon, and click below to learn more.
Bottle Biology Spotlight At this point in your course, we hope that you have selected a Bottle Biology strand for…
Mary Bitterlich, Lakewood, CO “Science is just about my students’ favorite subject now, and honestly, years ago when I was…
Click on any of the pictures below to see a larger picture of one of our decomposition tea systems. See…
Click on any of the pictures below to see a larger picture of one of our fungi petri dishes. See…
The EcoColumn As one of the most encompassing levels of organization in the living world, an ecosystem is defined as…
Brassica & Butterfly System The Brassica & Butterfly System (see building instructions below) will allow you to observe an entire plant life cycle along…
The Field Population System The Life Science Field Population System is designed to demonstrate concepts that are fundamental to understanding biological evolution.…
The TerrAqua Column The TerrAqua Column (see building instructions below) is a bottle system that is composed of terrestrial and aquatic…
Bottle Basics Bottle Biology uses recyclable containers as building blocks that can be put together to form any number of…
By the end of the second week* in this course, you should have a Bottle Biology system up and running.…
Stephanie Selznick, Dorchester, MA “A good class is fully engaged, they want to do the experiments, the questions, the answers.…
Look for the following topics in the video, indicated by the onscreen icon, and click below to learn more. Teaching Tips
Bottle Biology Spotlight There are four Bottle Biology systems to choose from. Each has been designed to provide application and…
LauraJo Kelly, Brooklyn, NY “I really think that it’s during investigations that learning occurs. You know, when the children have…
Children’s Ideas about What’s Living, Dead, and Nonliving Below are common ideas children in grades K-6 have about this topic,…
Look for the following topics in the video, indicated by the on-screen icon.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Practice: México
EpisodioFor additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Practice: México
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad VI: Un viaje a México: El pueblo, la…
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad V – Un viaje a Puerto Rico.
additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad V – Un viaje a Puerto Rico.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad IV – Un viaje a la Argentina.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad III: Un viaje a Madrid, España.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad III – Un viaje a Madrid, España.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Unidad II – Un viaje a Sevilla, España.
For additional review, choose a related activity in the Practice section: Introducción: La Gavia.
A video instructional series in Spanish for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 52 half-hour video programs divided…
This program examines the power of public opinion to influence government policy, the increasing tendency of public officials to rely…
The promise of political and social equality has a powerful hold on American life. This unit brings to life the…
A video course for high school, college and adult learners ; 15 half-hour video programs, print guide, and website. Democracy…
Professor Scharff weaves the story of the Civil Rights movement with stories of the Vietnam War and Watergate to create…
Simmering regional differences ignite an all-out crisis in the 1850s. Professor Martin teams with Professor Miller and historian Stephen Ambrose…
A video instructional series on American history for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 26 half-hour video programs,…
This unit focuses on one of the biggest questions in 21st century physics: what is the fate of the universe?…
While chemical reactions in gases and liquids are essential to the understanding of chemistry, the chemistry of solid-state materials characterizes…
From an instantaneous explosion to the slow rusting of iron, the rates at which different chemical reactions proceed can vary…
Metals allow the transfer of electrons through a process called oxidation-reduction, or “redox,” when one species gains electrons while another…
Acids and bases are found all around us, and the currency of acid-base chemistry is the proton, or hydrogen ion.…
Light a match and chemical change happens in a one-way process: Reactants are transformed into products. But there are many…
The majority of chemical reactions happen in solutions—whether inside an espresso machine or in a human cell. For example, when…
The phrase “chemical reaction” conjures up images of explosions, bubbling gases, flames, and smoke. So many chemical reactions have visible…
Stoichiometry gives us the quantitative tools to figure out the relative amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Balancing…
Molecules can form when atoms bond together by sharing electrons and can be represented by a useful shorthand called Lewis…
For centuries, chemists tried different methods to organize elements around patterns of chemical and physical trends, or regularities, eventually leading…
In the early 20th century, identification of the internal parts of the atom (electrons, protons, and neutrons) led to a…
This program explores the phases of matter—solids, liquids, and gases—and how particles in a given phase interact with each other.…
This program traces the story of how humans have always practiced chemistry; how, over time, it developed from a practical…
A video-based instructional series in chemistry with accompanying website for high school and college classes. 13 half-hour programs, online text,…
By 1925 Great Britain went off the gold standard, managing to increase exports and lessen imports. The U.S. market was…
The U.S. auto industry lost a lot of mileage in 1973 with the rise of the more efficient Japanese imports.…
Between 1982 and 1985, the Fed tightened the money supply to combat inflation, despite rising unemployment. Also in the 1980s,…
Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volker pushed us through two deep recessions using monetary policy and increased interest rates to combat…
During WWII, our national debt had more than quadrupled, so government encouraged citizens to buy war bonds and federal stamps…
In the 1970s, businesses struggled with rising energy costs, newly imposed environmental regulations, and inflation that contributed to the slowing…
The Federal Reserve was originally created in 1913 as an emergency lender to banks–a sort of bank of last resort.…
The Knickerbocker Bank’s failure led to the Bank Panic of 1907, and ultimately inspired a need for a central bank.…
In the 1960s President Lyndon Baines Johnson continued fueling the domestic agenda of his “Great Society,” keeping a low profile…
In 1954 relying on “automatic stabilizers,” President Dwight Eisenhower withheld raising taxes in order to encourage consumer spending. In the…
In 1932 President Herbert Hoover spoke enthusiastically about financial recovery while John Maynard Keynes expressed doubts. Keynes published The General…
The nation’s cycles of economic booms and busts were considered intrinsically capitalistic by Joseph Schumpeter who called them “methodic economic…
In 1929 following the stock market bottoming out, Simon Kuznets led an investigative study resulting in the first national data…
Faced with dwindling resources, Congress fiercely debated whether to preserve 100 million acres of Alaskan land as a national park,…
In 1937 the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a government-owned utility company, was created to electrify rural communities and control flooding.…
By 1916 Henry Ford’s assembly line had lowered the price of the Model T to $360, making it affordable and…
After the Great Depression President Franklin D. Roosevelt put forth a social security program, using money from employer/employee wages. In…
In response to rising interest rates in the 1970s, the Maryland legislature raised usury ceilings so that more home loans…
The International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) strike in the early 1900s was inspired by poor working conditions and low…
In 1977, the federal court system told the Reserve Mining Company to build a $400 million disposal site for carcinogenic…
Competition with General Motors eventually rendered Ford’s single-option Model-T obsolete. In 1959, a reporter for the Knoxville News-Sentinel discovered a…
In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act broke up the monopoly that John D. Rockefeller and his company, Standard Oil, had…
In preparation for WWII, the Roosevelt administration instituted wage price and price controls to curb inflation and better focus production…
Farmers lured into producing massive food surpluses for WWI could no longer profit when the war ended and demand plummeted.…
A two-year drought in California in the 1970s motivated areas such as Marin County to conserve by reducing their water…
In 1980, renowned soda company Coca-Cola replaced sugar with high-fructose corn extract in order to lower production costs. In 1963,…
The return of U.S. troops from overseas following World War II created a massive demand for cheap housing. Rising labor…
A video instructional series on micro- and macroeconomics for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 28 half-hour video…
This video introduces the world of high Islamic culture, lowbrow comedy, and encounters with the spirit world, all through the…
This video introduces the world of caste, where people are born into a certain level of society and mingle with…
This video introduces the idea of magical realism, of a world where the impossible and the possible are mingled, and…
This video introduces the world of the Igbo, whose civilization is threatened by the colonial advances of the British into…
This video introduces a question: is everything that happens, good or bad, part of a larger cosmic plan that justifies…
This video introduces the Mayan creation story in all its grotesque humor, luminous beauty, and unique language. See the Mayan…
This video introduces you to the Stone Monkey King, a whirlwind of willful energy, egomaniacal pride, and zany humor who…
The shining Genji, a man of wealth and power, devotes himself to love―at the risk of losing everything. Enter the…
This epic tale of the warrior-prince Arjuna confronting a life-or-death dilemma during civil war presents a unique and powerful philosophy…
This video introduces one of the greatest of Greek tragedies, The Bacchae of Euripides, a story of Dionysus and his followers, and…
This video introduces the twisting, turning, and eternally tricky hero of the story, Odysseus. His many adventures—from the fanciful to…
This video introduces My Name Is Red, Orhan Pamuk’s evocative novel of miniaturists in 16th-century Istanbul. Then, as now, the city…
This video introduces the earliest work of literature—The Epic of Gilgamesh. Learn how this ancient story still inspires readers and…
A multimedia course for teachers, students, and lovers of literature; 13 half-hour video programs and website. Great epics, plays, poetry,…
Every photograph tells a story: Stories of struggle. Stories of beauty. Stories of community and culture. This video offers stories…
An image can show us otherwise invisible processes, previously undiscovered life forms, and dramatic change over time. This video features…
Lives explores the story of human resilience and perseverance. In this video, you’ll meet five people who illuminate the lives of…
Photographs bear witness to the world around us and give us an opportunity to learn more about historical and present…
A multidisciplinary professional development course for middle and high school teachers in English language arts, social studies, mathematics and science;…
The numbers are in, and executives at Casablanca Cruise Lines (CCL) discover that the company can save as much as…
As our story begins, Maria, a teacher, sits at a school assembly, where a graduate who now works at Hype…
John Fairfield, a former prosecutor and respected state trial judge, is thinking of pursuing a lifelong dream: a seat on…
Your son has always struggled with his writing. Now, he is up against a college application deadline, has a bad…
Four years ago, a coalition led by American forces invaded the Central Asian nation of Khaoistan, where warlords had destroyed…
“Three Farewells” looks at the difficult and sometimes heart-rending choices a loving family makes as they confront the end of…
A video series for middle school, high school, and adult learners; 6 one-hour video programs, downloadable discussion guide and Ethics…
This remarkable New Jersey poet-physician established an American kind of poem distinct from European forms. His work demonstrates an innovative…
Walt Whitman was the first major poet to create a truly American vision and style. His extraordinary example gave American…
The hero of Wallace Stevens’s poetry is the human imagination. Like Emily Dickinson’s, Stevens’s sedate and uneventful outer life concealed…
Although admired for his contribution to poetry — among other things, he founded the imagist movement — Ezra Pound was…
Sylvia Plath’s status as a major American poet has been obscured by her reputation as a martyr, a victimized woman…
Scholars have marveled at the paradoxes of Marianne Moore–how her verse can show such propriety amidst such caprice, or use…
Considered the leading poet of his generation, Robert Lowell in his early work examined history — employing the past to…
Langston Hughes, among the most versatile and prolific of modern American authors, achieved distinction in poetry, fiction, and drama. Race…
Robert Frost was America’s leading pastoral poet. He demonstrated in his verse that nature is man’s most revealing mirror–and the…
T. S. Eliot has been considered by many to be the leading American poet of this century. His contemporaries…
Though Emily Dickinson spent almost all her life in Amherst, Massachusetts, her poems represent a broad range of imaginative experience.…
Hart Crane’s reputation rests primarily on his extraordinary craftsmanship and sweeping vision. In The Bridge, Crane set out to write an American…
Elizabeth Bishop’s poems were always admired for the purity and precision of her descriptions, and now readers have come to…
A video instructional series on American poetry for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 13 one-hour video programs.…
Learning Goals During this session you will have an opportunity to build understandings of the following concepts: Rising and sinking…
Learning Goals During this session, you will have an opportunity to build understandings to help you: Distinguish between producers, consumers,…
Online Text by Peter Fisher The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
Most of the mass in galaxies like our own Milky Way does not reside in the stars and gas that…
A video instructional series for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 13 one-hour video programs and coordinated books.…
Video teaching modules for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 32 video modules (from 5 to 20 minutes…
Identification and description; talking about occupations; talking back; excusing oneself; expressing incredulity. Passé composé; plaire; negation with jamais, rien, personne; mettre, boire; passé…
A video instructional series in French for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 52 half-hour video programs. Please…
Online Text by Robert Austin The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
Following the example set in the previous unit, we now attempt to bring principles of physics to bear on the…
A video instructional series on the elements of music for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 12 half-hour…
Online Text by David Pines The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
This unit takes an approach to physics that differs markedly from much of what we have encountered in previous units.…
Online Text by Lene Hau The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
This unit continues to develop the theme of the practical and foundational effects of quantum mechanics. It focuses on the…
Online Text by William P. Reinhardt The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it…
The fundamentals of quantum mechanics that we met in Unit 5 characteristically appear on microscopic scales. Macroscopic quantum systems in…
Online Text by Shamit Kachru The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
This unit covers a field of physics that is simultaneously one of the most powerful, transformational, and precise tools for…
A video instructional series on ethics for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 10 one-hour video programs. This…
This unit continues our movement from an experimentally proven understanding of nature’s four fundamental forces to the theoretical effort to…
A course for high school, college, and adult learners, including 13 half-hour video programs, a website with art images, accompanying…
A video course on American literature for college-level instruction and teacher professional development; 16 half-hour video programs, instructor’s guide, study…
A video instructional series on statistics for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 32 6- to 14-minute video…
A video instructional series on film history for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 10 one-hour and 3…
Online Text By Blayne Heckel The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
Although by far the weakest of the known forces in nature, gravity pervades the universe and played an essential role…
Online Text by David Kaplan The videos and online textbook units can be used independently. When using both, it is…
This unit takes the story of the basic constituents of matter beyond the fundamental particles that we encountered in unit…
Content Developer Daniel P. Schrag Daniel Schrag is professor of Earth and planetary sciences and environmental engineering at Harvard University…
A video course for high school teachers and college-level instruction; 13 half-hour video programs, online text, professional development guide, and…
This timeline places literary publications (shaded) in their historical contexts.
In this unit, we shall explore particle physics, the study of the fundamental constituents of matter. These basic building blocks…
A multimedia course for high school physics teachers, undergraduate students, and science enthusiasts; 11 half-hour programs, online text, facilitator’s guide,…
A video instructional series on the American Constitution for college and high school classrooms and adult learners; 13 one-hour video…
Dear reader, inventor, and inspiring leader, Whether you are a parent, an aunt or uncle, or a friend of the…