%PDF-1.3 % 2 0 obj << /Length 7695 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0.95 g 591 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m f* 0 G 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 0.95 g 15 753 594 -738 re 253.548 60.996 m f* BT /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 64.5 568.6765 Tm 0 g -0.0004 Tc 0 Tw [(Authors and W)36.7(orks)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 64.5 544.6765 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(Featured in the V)54.9(ideo:)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0328 Tw (Allen Ginsberg, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 7.8273 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.5335 0 TD 0.0328 Tw [(, A Supermarket in Califor)72.2(-)]TJ -9.0635 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (nia \(poems\))Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0425 Tw [(Adrienne Rich, Diving into the W)39.1(r)0.1(eck, Power)111.3(,)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(T)94.7(ranscendental Etude \(poems\))]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.015 Tc 0.0127 Tw [(Amiri Baraka \(LeRoi Jones\), W)39.1(ill They Cry When)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(Y)94.8(oure Gone, Y)94.7(ou Bet, A Poem for W)39.1(illie Best)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(poems\); )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.3318 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.1277 0 TD (\(play\))Tj /F6 1 Tf -10.7568 -2.5946 TD -0.0001 Tc (Discussed in This Unit:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD -0.018 Tw [(John Ashbery)111.4(,)0( And Ut Pictura Poesis Is Her Name,)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0166 Tc 0.011 Tw (Illustration, Soonest Mended, Self-Portrait)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (in a Convex Mirror \(poems\))Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0177 Tc 0.01 Tw [(James W)39.1(right, The Minneapolis Poem, A Bless-)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.0191 Tw [(ing, The Journey)111.2(, W)38.9(ith the Shell of a Hermit)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Crab \(poems\))Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.315 Tw [(Gary Snyder)111.2(, Beneath My Hand and Eye the)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.4107 Tw [(Distant Hills. Y)94.7(our Body)111.2(, The Blue Sky)111.3(,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Milton by Firelight \(poems\))Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.5872 Tw [(Sylvia Plath, Daddy)111.3(, Lady Lazarus, )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 21.8376 0 TD 0 Tw (Ariel)Tj /F7 1 Tf -20.5403 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(poems\); )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.3318 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(The Bell)-278(Jar)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 5.5349 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(novel\))Tj -11.164 -1.2973 TD -0.0176 Tw (Audre Lorde, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 6.3352 0 TD 0 Tw (Zami)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.3696 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.5381 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0175 Tw [(The)-278(Cancer Journals)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.4622 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(prose non-)Tj -17.4078 -1.2973 TD 0.0119 Tw [(fiction\); Coal, Black Mother W)55.6(oman, Chain)]TJ T* 0 Tw (\(poems\))Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0142 Tc 0.0168 Tw (Joy Harjo, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.9333 0 TD [(The W)54.9(oman Who Fell from the Sky)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 15.3462 0 TD (, Call It)Tj -18.9822 -1.2973 TD -0.0252 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Fear)111.2(, White Bear)111.1(, The Flood \(poems\))]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.34 Tw (Lorna Dee Cervantes, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 11.7064 0 TD 0 Tw (Emplumada)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.8112 0 TD 0.3399 Tw [(, V)55.6(isions of)]TJ -16.2203 -1.2973 TD 0.0495 Tw [(Mexico While at a W)39.1(riting Symposium in Port)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(T)94.7(ownsend, W)55.6(ashington \(poems\))]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 64.5 160.6766 Tm (Overview Questions)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 76.5 136.6766 Tm 0.0362 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 84.2228 136.6766 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.0058 Tw (How do these authors broaden or complicate)Tj -2.1322 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.014 Tw (our concept of what it means to be American? What)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3077 Tw (strategies do these authors use to express the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0242 Tw (predicament of marginalized peoples? How did civil)Tj 25.9459 50.7248 TD 0.0033 Tw (rights and protest movements reshape the notion of)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0704 Tw (what it means to be an American? What connec-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0058 Tw (tions do you see between the poetry in this unit and)Tj T* 0 Tw (the civil rights struggle?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 316.5 521.8813 Tm 0.0362 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 325.0086 521.8813 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.118 Tw (How would you describe the mood or abid-)Tj -2.2171 -1.2973 TD 0.0975 Tw (ing intentions of American literature during this)Tj T* 0.0797 Tw [(period? How does the experience of the V)55.7(ietnam)]TJ T* 0.0917 Tw [(W)55.5(ar af)16.7(fect the poetry of this period? What other)]TJ T* 0.0069 Tw (social or political forces shaped the poetry of this)Tj T* 0.0158 Tw (time? How does feminism influence the poetry of)Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0234 Tw (the period? Where do you see the influence of pop-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (ular culture?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 316.5 425.8813 Tm ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 323.6955 425.8813 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0109 Tw [(Along with the New Y)94.7(ork school poets, the Beat)]TJ -2.0752 -1.2973 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.0322 Tw [(poets were deeply influenced by life in the city)111.2(. In the)]TJ T* 0.0117 Tc 0.0104 Tw (late 1940s and early 1950s, writers like Allen Gins-)Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 0.0345 Tw [(berg, Jack Kerouac, and Lucien Carr)111.4(, all of whom)]TJ T* 0.058 Tw [(had connections to Columbia University)111.4(, met and)]TJ T* 0.0032 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(discussed their new)94.6(, experimental vision for poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0165 Tc 0.1222 Tw [(New Y)94.6(ork culture, with its bustling nightlife and)]TJ T* 0.3732 Tw (hosts of adventurous students, musicians, and)Tj T* 0.0061 Tc 0.016 Tw [(artists, of)16.8(fered much for young rebels struggling to)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0178 Tw (find a literary voice. By the middle 1950s, San Fran-)Tj T* 0.007 Tc 0.0123 Tw (cisco also featured a lively and unconventional art-)Tj T* 0.0138 Tc 0.2673 Tw [(istic community)111.2(. When Ginsberg moved to San)]TJ T* -0.0085 Tc 0.0064 Tw [(Francisco in 1954, he soon became a center of atten-)]TJ T* 0.0138 Tc 0.2462 Tw (tion in a book-loving, verse-loving North Beach)Tj T* 0.1239 Tw [(neighborhood where bohemian and gay lifestyles)]TJ T* -0.002 Tc 0.0213 Tw (were tolerated to an extent that few other American)Tj T* 0.0011 Tc 0.0182 Tw (metropolises could match. Literary historians often)Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.0122 Tw [(regard Ginsberg)72.1(s first public performance of )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 21.5339 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf -21.5339 -1.2973 TD 0.0138 Tc 0.0495 Tw [(on October 7, 1955, as the inauguration of a San)]TJ T* 0.0658 Tw (Francisco Renaissance and a demonstration that)Tj T* 0.2108 Tw [(Beat culture had truly arrived. For more than )]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc 0.0251 Tw (thirty years after that night, San Francisco and New)Tj T* -0.0028 Tc 0.0221 Tw [(Y)94.8(ork City were meccas for radical and experimental)]TJ T* 0.0053 Tc 0.014 Tw (art in America, places where authors such as Kero-)Tj T* -0.0113 Tc -0.0395 Tw [(uac, Gary Snyder)111.1(, Ginsberg, Amiri Baraka, and Audre)]TJ T* -0.0048 Tc 0.0241 Tw [(Lorde learned from one another and formed power-)]TJ T* -0.005 Tc 0.0243 Tw (ful communities of verse. How does their urban set-)Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0 Tw (ting shape the nature and themes of their work?)Tj ET 1 g 159.91 694 272 -96.06 re 506.73 101.881 m f* 2 w 158.91 695 274 -98.06 re S 0.5 w 158.69 668.15 m 432.91 668.15 l 158.69 636.15 m 432.91 636.15 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 274.5376 676.9181 Tm 0 g -0.0001 Tc (Unit 15)Tj /F4 1 Tf 19 0 0 19 194.1384 643.9181 Tm 0 Tc [(POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 181.2336 619.918 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(P)18.8(rotest Movements and American Counterculture)]TJ ET 1 w 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 Tc (2)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 3 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F5 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Length 8386 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 366.8075 60.9958 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4293 Tc 0 Tw (UNIT 11, MODERNIST PORTRAITS)Tj /F1 1 Tf 31.2637 0 TD 0 Tc (3)Tj ET 0.95 g 15 753 594 -738 re 558.5 60.996 m f* BT /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 688.8796 Tm 0 g 0.0362 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 117.5407 688.8796 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.2654 Tw [(Gary Snyder)111.2(, James W)39(right, and Theodore)]TJ -2.3287 -1.2973 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.026 Tw (Roethke are often referred to as nature poets. What)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1614 Tw (relationship do you see between their work and)Tj T* 0.0112 Tw (nature poets of the American nineteenth century?)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Where are the key dif)16.8(ferences?)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 628.8796 Tm 0.0148 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 115.5714 628.8796 Tm 0.009 Tc 0.0187 Tw (Many of these poets used travel as a metaphor)Tj -2.1158 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.4957 Tw [(for a spiritual journey)111.2(, and works like Jack)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Kerouac)72.1(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 4.7633 0 TD -0.0153 Tw (On the Road)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.9162 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (enjoyed astonishing popular-)Tj -10.6795 -1.2973 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0242 Tw (ity during the 1960s. What relationships do you see)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0369 Tw [(between this yearning for the open road and the sen-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (timents of earlier American writers?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 556.8796 Tm 0.0362 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 116.2415 556.8796 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.0799 Tw (Describe some of the movements into which)Tj -2.1883 -1.2973 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.0223 Tw [(postwar poetry is classified. How did they develop?)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0297 Tw (What interests and styles are identified with each)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (school?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 508.8797 Tm -0.0002 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 115.0261 508.8797 Tm -0.0029 Tc -0.0351 Tw (How does postwar poetry continue or transform)Tj -2.0569 -1.2973 TD -0.0051 Tw (the legacy of modernism? How do African American)Tj T* 0.0073 Tc 0.0176 Tw (writers from this period build on ideas and politics)Tj T* -0.0029 Tc 0 Tw (inherited from the Harlem Renaissance?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 460.8797 Tm 0.0362 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 116.2782 460.8797 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.0851 Tw (How do the African American, Chicano, and)Tj -2.1922 -1.2973 TD 0.1416 Tw (Native American authors in this unit re-imagine)Tj T* 0.0098 Tc 0.0179 Tw (American identity? How do they challenge the way)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1455 Tw (history has been told and recorded? What other)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(myths about America are challenged by the poets in)]TJ T* 0 Tw (this unit?)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 96 352.8797 Tm (Learning Objectives)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 328.8797 Tm 0.0023 Tw (After students have viewed the video, read the head-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0114 Tw (notes and literary selections in )Tj /F8 1 Tf 15.2314 0 TD (The Norton Antho-)Tj -15.2314 -1.2973 TD 0.1219 Tw (logy of American Literature)Tj /F7 1 Tf 13.2207 0 TD 0.1218 Tw (, and explored related)Tj -13.2207 -1.2973 TD 0.0681 Tw (archival materials on the )Tj /F8 1 Tf 12.6623 0 TD (American Passages)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.3643 0 TD -0.0334 Tc 0 Tw [(We)-55.4(b)]TJ -22.0266 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc (site, they should be able to)Tj 0 -2.5946 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(1)22.3(.)-441.4(discuss the political, historical, and social con-)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.0217 Tw [(texts of postwar poetry)111.4(, particularly the counter-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (culture of the 1950s and 1960s;)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0076 Tc 0.02 Tw [(2)7.8(.)-455.9(discuss several dif)16.7(ferent schools of poetry repre-)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1929 Tw (sented by poets in the unit, namely the Beat)Tj T* 0.1139 Tw [(movement, the New Y)94.7(ork school, confessional)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(poetry)111.4(,)0( feminism, and the Black Arts movement;)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(3.)-461(recognize and describe innovations in the poetry)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (of the period;)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0393 Tw [(4)22.3(.)-441.4(describe ways in which these poets dif)16.9(fer from)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0275 Tw [(their modernist predecessors and how postwar)]TJ T* 0.2801 Tw (poets continue to challenge and expand our)Tj T* 0.1903 Tw (notion of American poetry and the American)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (idiom;)Tj 24.7568 63.5676 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.0122 Tw [(5)15.6(.)-448.1(describe postmodernism, discuss its causes and)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0182 Tw (origins, and discuss ways in which the poetry in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (this unit responds to the postmodern condition.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 337 616.8796 Tm -0.0003 Tc (Instructor Overview)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 337 592.8796 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.0905 Tw [(After W)55.6(orld W)55.6(ar II, a complex and dynamic new)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0275 Tw (chapter of American cultural history began, a chap-)Tj T* 0.0131 Tc 0.0145 Tw (ter that in many ways is neither completed nor ea-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0154 Tw (sily describable. After the worldwide depression and)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.019 Tw [(violence of the 1930s and 1940s, millions of people)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0084 Tw (hoped for some kind of respite, a period of peace,)Tj T* 0.0275 Tw [(prosperity)111.2(, and stability)111.3(. Forty million people had)]TJ T* 0.0085 Tc 0.0192 Tw (died in places whose very names, to the generation)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0105 Tw (of the 1950s and 1960s, became a litany of massacre)Tj T* 0.0143 Tc 0.0133 Tw [(and catastrophe: Nanking, Coventry)111.4(,)0( Pearl Harbor)111.2(,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1725 Tw (Bataan, Stalingrad, Omaha Beach, Guadalcanal,)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0188 Tw [(Cassino, Dresden, T)94.6(okyo, Berlin, Hiroshima, Naga-)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0249 Tw (saki. But the peace treaties and agreements worked)Tj T* 0.0131 Tc 0.0146 Tw (out among the Allies soon gave way to a forty-year)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.111 Tw [(Cold W)55.6(a)0.2(r)111.2(, as the two nuclear superpowers, the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0132 Tw (United States and the Soviet Union, contended with)Tj T* 0 Tw (each other for ideological control of the world.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2523 Tw (Sorting out the various literary experiments,)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0238 Tw (coteries, and insurgencies of the years between 1950)Tj T* 0.0061 Tc 0.0215 Tw [(and the present would be a vast enterprise in itself,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0074 Tw (complicated by the interventions of commercialism,)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.079 Tw (pop culture, fads and fashion, and the enormous)Tj T* 0.0436 Tw (expansion of the college and university system as )Tj T* 0.1371 Tw (a focus for youthful energy and as an arbiter of)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0185 Tw [(taste. If students are confused by the cacophony of)]TJ T* 0.017 Tc 0.0107 Tw (monikers, slogans, and short-lived obsessions that)Tj T* 0.0023 Tc 0.0253 Tw [(can be lifted from the pages of postwar history)111.4(,)0( you)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.013 Tw [(might encourage them to think about long-term and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1647 Tw (conflicting characteristics of those decades. The)Tj T* 0.1709 Tw (American middle and upper classes experienced)Tj T* 0.0168 Tc 0.0108 Tw [(unprecedented comfort and prosperity)111.2(, along with)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0585 Tw (an unprecedented threat of apocalypsethat this)Tj T* 0.0096 Tw (new life of ease and gadgetry could be obliterated )Tj T* 0.1441 Tw (in a matter of minutes. Intercontinental nuclear)Tj T* 0.0195 Tc 0.0081 Tw [(weapons made the threat of annihilation very real)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0184 Tw [(from the late fifties onward. And even as the techno-)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0106 Tw (logical innovations and daily comforts of democracy)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0777 Tw (seem to have eclipsed the potential enemy of the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Cold W)55.6(a)0.1(r U.S.S.R., plenty of controversy remains as)]TJ T* 0 Tw (to whether the threat of nuclear war has subsided.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1484 Tw [(T)94.6(elevision proliferated in the W)55.7(est during the)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0229 Tw (1950s and 1960s; a virtual explosion of loud, fast,)Tj ET 0.95 g -561 753 594 -738 re 560.206 100.88 m f* 0 G 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 415.5466 60.9958 Tm 0 g 0.4293 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(INSTRUCT)18.6(OR O)18.5(VERVIEW)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 23.1405 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 8446 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0.95 g 591 753 594 -737.99 re 0 768 m f* 0 G 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 0.95 g 15 753 594 -738 re 253.548 60.996 m f* BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 65.5 688.8796 Tm 0 g 0.0221 Tc 0.0449 Tw (and lurid media brought news and spectacle into)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.1851 Tw [(every corner of the United States, transforming)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0067 Tw (nearly every aspect of American public lifeinclud-)Tj T* 0.0201 Tc 0.0075 Tw [(ing the social impact of the writer)111.2(, and the nature)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(and duration of literary celebrity)111.2(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0189 Tw (The works in Unit 15 reflect numerous literary)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0737 Tw (groups that responded to the vast social changes)Tj T* 0.5577 Tw (taking place, including the Beats \(Ginsberg,)Tj T* 0.0688 Tw (Snyder\), confessional poets \(Sylvia Plath, Robert)Tj T* 0.1025 Tw (Lowell, Anne Sexton\), the Black Mountain poets)Tj T* 0.0709 Tw [(\(Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Denise Levertov)111.2(,)]TJ T* 0.1199 Tw (Robert Creeley\), Black Arts \(Audre Lorde, Amiri)Tj T* 0.0049 Tc 0.0228 Tw [(Baraka\), the New Y)94.6(ork school \(Frank OHara, John)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0117 Tw [(Ashbery)111.4(, Kenneth Koch, and James Schuyler\), femi-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3027 Tw (nist poets \(Adrienne Rich, Sylvia Plath, Audre)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0244 Tw (Lorde\), Chicano nationalists \(Lorna Dee Cervantes\),)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(and latter)72.2(-day transcendental and pastoral poets)]TJ T* 0.0933 Tw [(\(Gary Snyder)111.2(, Robert Bly)111.2(,)0( James W)39(right, Galway)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0384 Tw [(Kennell, and W)111.3(.)0( S. Merwin\). T)94.7(o)0( help situate students)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1846 Tw (with respect to this multitude of literary move-)Tj T* 0.0054 Tc 0.0222 Tw (ments, you might present the Beats as a wellspring)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1349 Tw (of many other movements, the first widely cele-)Tj T* 0.0107 Tc 0.0169 Tw [(brated bohemian experiment after W)55.7(orld W)55.5(ar II.)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.0136 Tw [(Centered in Greenwich V)55.6(illage and San Francisco,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0028 Tw (the Beats became known for many traits and preoc-)Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(cupations that showed remarkable durability)111.2(. New)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0275 Tw (communities of artists came together with an alter-)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0.0247 Tw (native lifestyle that included drug experimentation,)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0299 Tw [(a fascination with Eastern religions and personal)]TJ T* 0.3333 Tw [(spirituality)111.3(, open homosexuality)111.3(, and an anti-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0276 Tw [(establishment demeanor)111.2(. Beat poetry tends to blur)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.0162 Tw [(the line between prose and poetry)111.4(,)0.1( mixes registers,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0496 Tw (draws copiously on popular culture, sounds both)Tj T* 0.0163 Tc 0.0114 Tw [(authoritative and hip, and glorifies the experience)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(of living on the fringes of society)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2095 Tw (Confessional poets, like Robert Lowell, Anne)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0705 Tw (Sexton, and Sylvia Plath, also sought to astonish)Tj T* 0.1477 Tw (readers by exploring deeply personal experience)Tj T* 0.327 Tw [(such as mental illness, sexuality)111.4(, and hostility )]TJ T* 0.0083 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(within the immediate family)111.2(. Poets who associated)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1147 Tw (with American feminist thought, including Adri-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0256 Tw (enne Rich, Sylvia Plath, and Audre Lorde, are often)Tj T* 0.0061 Tw (linked to other schools of poetry as well but are dis-)Tj T* 0.002 Tc 0.0257 Tw (tinguished by verse fiercely dedicated to expressing)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0179 Tw (the predicament of modern American women. The)Tj T* 0.0178 Tc 0.0099 Tw (Black Arts movement was also ignited by political)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0167 Tw (struggles, specifically those linked to the civil rights)Tj T* 0.0141 Tc 0.0136 Tw (and black nationalist movements of the 1950s and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0302 Tw (1960s. The Black Mountain poets, including Charles)Tj T* 0.0117 Tc 0.0159 Tw [(Olson and Robert Creeley)111.2(, are remembered for the)]TJ 25.9459 63.5676 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.0143 Tw (short-lived experimental college in North Carolina)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0178 Tw (where they taught for a while. These poets favored)Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0092 Tw (open forms, sudden, unexpected imagery and dic-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0339 Tw [(tion and remarkable freedom in prosody)111.3(. Theirs was)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(a verse in celebration of spontaneity)111(. The New Y)94.6(ork)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.0224 Tw [(school, including Frank OHara, John Ashbery)111.3(,)0( and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0018 Tw (Kenneth Koch, distinguished itself by its close asso-)Tj T* 0.022 Tw (ciation with the experimental painting underway in)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.0266 Tw (the city and its environs. From abstract expression-)Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw (ism, these poets learned to perceive the work of art)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0138 Tw (as what critic David Perkins calls a chronicle of the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0434 Tw (creative act that produces it. These writers were)Tj T* 0.0158 Tc 0.0119 Tw (also influenced by composers dedicated to similar)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(values, including John Cage and Igor Stravinsky)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0326 Tw (This search for identity gave rise to the belief that)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0066 Tw [(the personal is political, a notion that formed in the)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.0206 Tw [(1960s as artists, poets, and activists used their per-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0414 Tw (sonal lives to make political statements. In question-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0296 Tw [(ing American identity)111.3(, these authors confront the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0203 Tw (problem of the divided self, whether it be Lorna Dee)Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 0.0112 Tw [(Cervantes)72.1(s division between her Chicana heritage)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0098 Tw [(and her American life, Adrienne Rich)72.3(s identifica-)]TJ T* 0.0019 Tc 0.0257 Tw [(tion as both a lesbian and a mother)111.1(, Amiri Baraka)72.1(s)]TJ T* 0.0103 Tc 0.0174 Tw (personal variation upon doctrines of Black nation-)Tj T* 0.0142 Tc 0.0134 Tw [(alism and American identity)111.1(, or Joy Harjo)72.1(s Native)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.4053 Tw (American heritage that highlights the tension)Tj T* 0.0533 Tw [(between a native worldview and dominant Amer)72.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0232 Tw (ican culture. The poetry of this time is also charac-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.4381 Tw (terized by open form, conversational diction, )Tj T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0202 Tw [(candid subject matter)111.1(, corporeal imagery and sym-)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.0265 Tw (bolism, political and social critique, and radicalism)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.024 Tw [(in both thought and lifestyle. Much of the poetry)111.4(,)]TJ T* 0.1633 Tw (with the exception of the meditative poets, also)Tj T* 0.0111 Tc 0.0165 Tw (depends upon the belief that words and art should)Tj T* 0.0012 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(be used as political tools. The importance of poetry)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0159 Tw (to so many of the political movements of this time)Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw (illustrates a direct link between social environment)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (and artistic creation.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0077 Tw (The video, archive, and curriculum in this unit)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.2513 Tw (highlight intersections among art, politics, and )Tj T* 0.2934 Tw (culture. The key historical events and cultural)Tj T* 0.1128 Tw [(upheavals include protest poetry)111.4(,)0.1( free verse, and)]TJ T* 0.013 Tc 0.0146 Tw (sexual revolution. The materials also suggest ways)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0239 Tw (that students might relate the authors and works to)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0496 Tw [(one another)111.3(. Students should also be encouraged )]TJ T* 0.1517 Tw (to consider the contemporary legacy of postwar)Tj T* 0.2247 Tw [(poetry)111.4(,)0( including hip-hop, poetry slams, perfor)72.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0967 Tw (mance art, contemporary jazz, and experimental)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (rock.)Tj ET 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 Tc (4)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 8050 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0.95 g 15 753 594 -737.99 re 0 768 m f* 0 G 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 433.8838 60.9958 Tm 0 g 0.4292 Tc 0 Tw [(STUDENT O)18.4(VERVIEW)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 20.0843 0 TD 0 Tc (5)Tj ET 0.95 g -561 753 594 -738 re 558.5 60.996 m f* BT /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 96 687.6748 Tm 0 g -0.0002 Tc (Student Overview)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 663.6748 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.1892 Tw [(Not long after the devastation of W)55.7(orld W)55.6(ar II,)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.3983 Tw (Americans found themselves embroiled in the)Tj T* 0.4537 Tw [(Korean W)55.6(ar \(195053\) and the V)55.7(ietnam W)55.6(a)0.2(r)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0096 Tw (\(196475\). Both of these conflicts proved to be more)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1447 Tw [(ethically complicated than W)55.7(orld W)55.6(ar II, and in)]TJ T* 0.0206 Tc 0.0071 Tw [(V)55.7(ietnam guerilla warfare made the actual fighting)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0105 Tw (more confusing as well. As a result, the U.S. govern-)Tj T* 0.0213 Tc 0.0063 Tw (ment promoted traditional values, namely domes-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1394 Tw (ticity and political and cultural conservatism, to)Tj T* 0.1558 Tw (fight for stability on the domestic front in what)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.0248 Tw (seemed like an increasingly turbulent and threaten-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1715 Tw (ing world. The new media, especially television,)Tj T* 0.0114 Tw (helped to enforce this domestic ideology in which)Tj T* 0.1234 Tw (family and home remained a central priority for)Tj T* 0.0112 Tc 0.0165 Tw (women; indeed, the enormous subdivisions of sub-)Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0092 Tw (urban ranch houses became important symbols of)Tj T* 0.0025 Tc 0.0251 Tw [(American safety)111.1(, pastoral happiness, and prosperity)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3392 Tw (during this period. The 1950s, in many ways,)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.027 Tw (marked the beginning of modern American popular)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0339 Tw (culture as we now know it. By the mid-1960s, the)Tj T* 0.0205 Tc 0.0072 Tw (political, social, and cultural climate had changed)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(dramatically)111.2(. W)38.9(ith the rising popularity of rock and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2026 Tw (roll and the beginning of the sexual revolution,)Tj T* 0.0073 Tc 0.0204 Tw (American youth culture seemed to diverge as never)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1432 Tw (before from middle-aged, middle-class American)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0275 Tw (life. Adolescence became a demographic, a separate)Tj T* 0.0187 Tc 0.0089 Tw [(cultural audience, a dif)16.7(ferent state of mind. At the)]TJ T* 0.0054 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(same time, undercurrents of discontent with racist,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.4125 Tw (sexist, and economically inequitable American)Tj T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0145 Tw [(social and political practices grew into full-fledged)]TJ T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0115 Tw (movements, many of which skillfully exploited the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (media.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0212 Tw [(Led by Martin Luther King Jr)111.2(., Rosa Parks, James)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1449 Tw [(Farmer)111.2(, Shirley Chisholm, and many others, the)]TJ T* 0.0191 Tc 0.0086 Tw (civil rights movement became a center of national)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0002 Tw (attention. Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and other nonvio-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.412 Tw (lent demonstrations shared the spotlight with)Tj T* 0.097 Tw (important court cases and national legislation to)Tj T* 0.1604 Tw (change the legal, economic, and social status of)Tj T* 0.0117 Tc 0.0159 Tw [(American minorities. The V)55.6(ietnam-era draft took a)]TJ T* 0.0195 Tc 0.0082 Tw (heavy toll on black neighborhoods in major cities,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0264 Tw (and many downtown areas were devastated by riots)Tj T* -0.0088 Tw [(in the years from 1965 through 1970. As anxiety and)]TJ T* 0.007 Tw (moral concern about the war spread to college cam-)Tj T* -0.0102 Tw (puses, thousands of schools became centers of polit-)Tj T* 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(ical ferment and many forms of experimentation. A)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.281 Tw (sexual revolution spread from these schools to)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(mainstream American life, and at the same time the)]TJ 25.9459 63.6978 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.0075 Tw (rights and power of women underwent a transfor-)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0111 Tw [(mation unprecedented in U.S. history)111.4(.)0( By 1972, with)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2262 Tw (the end of the draft and a scaling-down of the)Tj T* 0.3413 Tw (American involvement in Southeast Asia, anti-)Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.0094 Tw (war fervor slackened and many writers and artists)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0275 Tw [(drifted from a common cause into a kind of discon-)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0262 Tw (tent that seemed fragmented and desultory by com-)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0273 Tw (parison. Nonetheless, in art, music, student culture,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0397 Tw (and alternative communities, a style took hold that)Tj T* 0 Tw [(remains strong and recognizable to this day)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2816 Tw (Much of the poetry of the 1960s and 1970s)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0179 Tw (reflects the political and social turmoil of the time.)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0732 Tw (Flamboyantly experimental work from this era is)Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 0.0226 Tw (sometimes classified as postmodern, a loose term)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0112 Tw (suggesting a cultural and aesthetic break with the)Tj T* 0.1845 Tw (formal styles and values exemplified by authors)Tj T* 0.0034 Tc 0.0243 Tw [(writing earlier in the twentieth century)111.4(.)0( The contin-)]TJ T* 0.021 Tc 0.0066 Tw [(uing urge to make it new caused many artists to)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1085 Tw (turn dramatically away from the long shadow of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0052 Tw (Eliot, Stevens, Auden, and even Pound himself, who)Tj T* 0.0089 Tc 0.0187 Tw (had coined the phrase as a basic principle for writ-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.105 Tw [(ing in a transformed world. However)111.3(, arguments)]TJ T* 0.0206 Tc 0.007 Tw (persist as to whether postmodernism ever broke)Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.0095 Tw [(suf)16.8(ficiently with these traditions to define itself as)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2338 Tw (something truly distinct from varieties of mod-)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0272 Tw (ernism. Characteristics of postmodernism include a)Tj T* 0.0015 Tc 0.0261 Tw (spirit of alienation from an accelerating technologi-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0163 Tw (cal and materialist way of life, a willingness to blend)Tj T* -0.0276 Tw [(voices and borrow from other world cultures and lit-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2167 Tw (erary traditions, and a delight in reflexivityin)Tj T* 0.0971 Tw (poems which echo or play with other poems, art)Tj T* 0.0067 Tc 0.0209 Tw (which incorporates other art or found objects from)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0186 Tw [(the world beyond the gallery)111.4(,)0( drama which escapes)]TJ T* 0.0219 Tc 0.0058 Tw (the confines of the stage and the theater and min-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1082 Tw [(gles, one way or another)111.3(, with all the media and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (noise reverberating in the boulevards.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0073 Tw (Moving through )Tj /F8 1 Tf 8.0983 0 TD (American Passages )Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.2116 0 TD 0 Tw (chronologi-)Tj -18.6073 -1.2973 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0262 Tw (cally may reveal a lot of old ideas in the new art)Tj T* 0.0174 Tc 0.0102 Tw [(of the V)55.5(ietnam years and after)111.2(, and these are to be)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0289 Tw (valued. Creativity is often a process of adaptation)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0257 Tw (and borrowing, and the drive for originality can take)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0658 Tw [(an individual artist deep into the world)72.3(s cultural)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.0136 Tw (past. Most of the poets in this unit share a distrust)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.138 Tw (of received wisdom and authority and a faith in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0075 Tw [(aggressive candor)111.3(. Postmodern American poetry has)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1021 Tw (favored open forms, vernacular diction, personal)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0231 Tw (themes, political and social struggle, and a variety of)Tj T* 0 Tw (radical perspectives.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 23 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 7738 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 0.8 G 1.5 w 65.75 688.71 462 -587.54 re 253.548 60.996 m S 0 G 10 w 65 691 m 528.5 691 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 324 669.569 Tm 0 g -0.006 Tc -0.0088 Tw [(1968 he became a Muslim, a conversion that resulted)]TJ 0 -1.3529 TD [(in the changing of his name. Much of Baraka)37.2(s work,)]TJ T* [(including his important play )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12.2032 0 TD 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F4 1 Tf 4.3485 0 TD -0.0089 Tw [(, is aggressively)]TJ -16.5517 -1.3529 TD (political and full of rage.)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.6(Adrienne Rich is an important figure in the women)55.6()-0.4(s)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD (movement. Her poetry and prose explore her experi-)Tj T* (ences as a woman and a lesbian, issues that until this)Tj T* (time were socially taboo. Her work has challenged)Tj T* (assumptions about women in North American society)Tj T* [(and given many women the vocabulary to talk about)]TJ T* (their oppression. Rich helped to popularize the idea)Tj T* (that the personal is political, meaning that the way we)Tj T* (live our personal lives has public consequences and)Tj T* (social ramifications that affect and shape the world)Tj T* (around us.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 303 474.0691 Tm 0.2056 Tc 0 Tw (PREVIEW)Tj /F4 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 303 462.569 Tm -0.0059 Tc ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.0588 0 TD -0.0064 Tc -0.0094 Tw (Preview the video:)Tj /F4 1 Tf 9.5633 0 TD -0.006 Tc -0.0088 Tw (The 1960s and 1970s were char-)Tj -9.5633 -1.3529 TD (acterized by political and social unrest in America.)Tj T* [(P)18.5(rotests became a part of 1960s culture. V)55.8(arious demon-)]TJ T* (strations and protest movements were motivated by the)Tj T* (civil rights struggle, the war in Vietnam, the proliferation)Tj T* (of nuclear weapons, the deterioration of the environ-)Tj T* (ment, and a generalized fear that America was becom-)Tj T* [(ing a more conformist and materialist society)88.2(.)-0.1( P)55.6(oets like)]TJ T* [(Ginsberg)18.5(, Baraka, and Rich believed that poetry was)]TJ T* (intensely political, and they used literature to challenge)Tj T* (the status quo.)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.0588 0 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.0093 Tw (What to think about while watching:)Tj /F4 1 Tf 18.312 0 TD -0.006 Tc -0.0089 Tw (How did)Tj -18.312 -1.3529 TD (American poets respond to the political and social experi-)Tj T* (ence of the 1960s and 1970s? How do the poetry and)Tj T* (lifestyle of these writers challenge mainstream American)Tj T* (values? What legacy have these poets left for later gener-)Tj T* (ations? How did poetry and the public figure of the poets)Tj T* (change during this period?)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.0588 0 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.0094 Tw [(T)83(ying the video to the unit content:)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 17.4741 0 TD -0.006 Tc -0.0089 Tw (Unit 15 expands)Tj -17.4741 -1.3529 TD [(on the concepts explained in the video to explore further)]TJ T* (the changing social and literary traditions as they con-)Tj T* [(tributed to, and were affected by)88.2(, the writings of the)]TJ T* [(authors covered. The curriculum materials introduce stu-)]TJ T* (dents to many schools of poetry that emerged during this)Tj T* [(time, including the New Y)111.3(ork school, the Chicano move-)]TJ T* (ment, the feminists, Black Arts, Beats, meditative poets,)Tj T* (and language poets. The unit also offers background on)Tj T* [(integral historical events, including the Vietnam W)55.7(a)0(r)102(,)0.1( the)]TJ T* [(women)55.6(s movement, and Black Arts, which shaped the)]TJ T* (literature and outlook of the postwar period.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71 687.6748 Tm 1 g -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Video Overview)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 71 670.1748 Tm 0 g 0 Tc ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 83 670.1748 Tm 0.0247 Tc 0.2173 Tw (Authors covered:)Tj /F4 1 Tf 9.6817 0 TD 0.0233 Tc 0.2051 Tw [(Allen Ginsberg)18.3(, Adrienne Rich,)]TJ -9.6817 -1.3529 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Amiri Baraka)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 71 647.1748 Tm ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 83 647.1748 Tm 0.0076 Tc 0.0235 Tw (Whos interviewed:)Tj /F4 1 Tf 10.1192 0 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(Michael Bibby)88(, associate profes-)]TJ -10.1192 -1.3529 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0206 Tw (sor of English \(Shippensburg University\); Maria Damon,)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0283 Tw (associate professor of English \(University of Minnesota\);)Tj T* 0.0235 Tc 0.2844 Tw [(Anne W)55.6(aldman, poet and co)-18.4(-founder of the Jack)]TJ T* 0.4299 Tw [(K)18.1(erouac School of Disembodied P)55.6(oetics \(Naropa)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0077 Tw [(University)88.1(, Boulder\); Crystal Williams, poet and assistant)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (professor of creative writing \(Reed College\))Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 71 566.6749 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 83 566.6749 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(P)18.2(oints covered:)]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* -0.0061 Tc -0.0088 Tw [( )-194.6(Allen Ginsberg)18.4(, Adrienne Rich, and Amiri Baraka)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD (lived for many years in alternative communities, and)Tj T* (their poetry often reflects this alternative or contrarian)Tj T* [(lifestyle. They viewed poetry as intensely political and)]TJ T* (believed that verse could contribute to moral awaken-)Tj T* (ing and social change.)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.5(The postwar period is characterized by a host of)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD (movements, including civil rights, antiwar and disar-)Tj T* (mament, Black Arts, drug legalization, and feminism.)Tj T* (The spirit of protest that shaped the 1960s and 1970s)Tj T* [(deeply influenced these poets. P)55.6(oetry often played a)]TJ T* (part in these protest movements, as Ginsbergs per-)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc [(formance in front of the P)55.8(entagon suggests.)]TJ -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.5(In the wake of W)55.7(orld W)55.6(a)0.1(r II and the beginning of the)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD [(Cold W)55.6(a)0(r)102(,)0( America embraced capitalism and con-)]TJ T* [(formity)88.1(. This was the era of the Red Scare, when peo-)]TJ T* (ple not only were afraid of the spread of communism)Tj T* (but were actually blacklisting one another for sympa-)Tj T* (thizing with the Soviet cause. The Beat poets rebelled)Tj T* (against what they saw as dangerous conformity; they)Tj T* (denounced capitalism and distrusted the government.)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.6(Like other Beats, Ginsberg used his poetry and his)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD (lifestyle to rebel against the American status quo. In)Tj T* [(1954, Ginsberg moved to San F)18.6(rancisco, where he)]TJ T* (became active in the counterculture based in Haight)Tj T* [(Ashbury)88.1(.)0( He also performed )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12.2917 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F4 1 Tf 2.4686 0 TD -0.0088 Tw (for the first time,)Tj -14.7603 -1.3529 TD (sparking public awareness of the Beat movement.)Tj T* -0.0061 Tc [(Ginsberg shares Whitman)55.6(s penchant for lengthy)]TJ T* (lines, long lists, and authoritative voice. Like Whitman,)Tj T* (Ginsberg wrote for the general public.)Tj -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.5(The Black Arts movement included a group of activist)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD (artists who used their work to evoke political change.)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc (Black Arts comes out of the civil rights and Black)Tj T* [(P)55.5(ower movements.)]TJ -1.0588 -1.3529 TD [( )-194.5(Amiri Baraka is the representative figure of Black Arts)]TJ 1.0588 -1.3529 TD [(in this unit. Born Everett L)18.6(eroy Jones, Baraka circu-)]TJ T* (lated with the Beats, but eventually left the circle to)Tj T* [(devote his attention to racial issues. 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What similarities)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(do you see between Baraka)37()-0.3(s)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (poetry and Ginsbergs?)Tj 0 -4.0588 TD 0 Tc (While the 1950s are often associ-)Tj 0 -1.3529 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(ated with peace, prosperity)87.9(, and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(homogeneity)88(,)0( the authors in this)]TJ T* (unit expose how the often racist,)Tj T* (sexist, and inequitable society )Tj T* (sustained by such rhetoric was)Tj T* (subject to revolutionary criticism)Tj T* (during the 1960s and 1970s.)Tj T* (Why does the former image of the)Tj T* (1950s endure? How do the ideas)Tj T* (of radical change and strict histor-)Tj T* (ical periodization circumscribe or)Tj T* (expand the messages and impact)Tj T* (of these writers?)Tj 7 0 0 7 100.566 603.7023 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(Compre)-18.6(-)]TJ 0 -1.2857 TD -0.0002 Tc (hension)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc (Questions)Tj 0 -7.2857 TD -0.0002 Tc (Context)Tj 0 -1.2857 TD 0.0001 Tc (Questions)Tj 0 -16.6429 TD -0.0001 Tc (Exploration)Tj 0 -1.2857 TD 0.0001 Tc (Questions)Tj ET 0.125 w 96.51 620.22 m 557.01 620.22 l 96.51 550.43 m 557.01 550.43 l 96.51 423.39 m 557.01 423.39 l S Q endstream endobj 29 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F5 8 0 R /F12 30 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Length 6817 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.7402 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 0.9 g 66.1 687 459 -584.5 re 253.548 60.996 m f* 0 G 2 w 67.6 660.88 m 523.6 660.88 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 127.3466 667.8821 Tm 0 g -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(T)83.1(e)18.3(xts)-23196.4(Conte)18.4(xts)]TJ ET 0.8 G 1.5 w 65.35 687.75 460.5 -586 re 366.066 667.882 m S 0 G 10 w 64.6 691 m 527.1 691 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 70.6023 687.0753 Tm 1 g 0 Tc (TIMELINE)Tj /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 79.677 649.9476 Tm 0 g (1950s)Tj 0 -24 TD (1960s)Tj 0 -21 TD (1970s)Tj 5.99 44.9997 TD -0.0002 Tc (Adrienne Rich, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9289 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [(A Change of W)36.9(orld)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.8401 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(1951\), Storm)Tj -14.519 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc [(W)56.1(arnings \(1951\), Snapshots of a Daughter)37(-in-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Law)-55.4( \(1958\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(Allen)-302.3(Ginsberg)18.3(, )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 7.3813 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Howl)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.6164 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(\(1956\), Sunflower Sutra)37()]TJ -8.7478 -1.5 TD [(\(1956\), )134.2(A)0.1( Supermarket in)-302.1(California)37( \(1956\),)]TJ /F14 1 Tf T* [(K)37.2(addish)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.8242 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1959\))Tj -5.0742 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc [(John Ashbery)88(, Illustration)55.6( \(1956\))]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Gary Snyder)102(, Milton by Firelight)-27.7( \(1959\), Riprap)55.6()]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1959\))Tj -1.25 -12 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(John Ashbery)88(, Europe \(1960\))]TJ 0 -1.5 TD [(Allen Ginsberg)18.5(, )-18.4(T)101.9(o Aunt R)18.5(ose \(1961\))]TJ T* 0 Tw (Sylvia Plath, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.7695 0 TD 0 Tc (The Bell Jar)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.4739 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1963\), )Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.6265 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Ariel)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.335 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1965\))Tj -17.2048 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc [(James W)37(right, )134.2(Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry)88.1(,)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD [(Ohio \(1963\), )134.2(A)0( Blessing \(1963\), )-18.4(T)101.9(o the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Evening Star: Central Minnesota)37( \(1963\), )-18.4(The)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Minneapolis P)36.9(oem)55.5( \(1968\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Amiri Baraka, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.5398 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Dutchman)Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.9329 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(\(1964\), )134.2(An Agony)88(. As)]TJ -10.2227 -1.5 TD 0 Tw [(Now)74.1(. \(1964\), )134.2(A)-0.1( P)37(oem for Willie Best)-27.7( \(1964\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD (Audre Lorde, Coal \(1968\))Tj T* [(Gary Snyder)102(, Beneath My Hand and Eye the Distant)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD [(Hills. Y)111.2(our Body)-55.5( \(1968\), )-18.4(The Blue Sky)-55.5( \(1969\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc (Adrienne Rich, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9289 0 TD (Leaflets)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.6875 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1969\))Tj -10.6165 -3 TD -0.0001 Tc [(John Ashbery)88(, Soonest Mended \(1970\), Self-)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD 0.0001 Tw [(P)36.8(ortrait in a Convex Mirror)-41.6( \(1975\), )134.2(And Ut)]TJ T* [(Pictura P)37(oesis Is Her Name \(1977\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD [(Audre Lorde, Black Mother W)55.6(oman)55.6( \(1971\),)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD [(Chain)55.6( \(1978\), Harriet)-27.7( \(1978\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Adrienne Rich, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9289 0 TD 0 Tc (The Will to Change)Tj /F13 1 Tf 8.8652 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1971\), Diving)Tj -14.5442 -1.5 TD 0.0001 Tw [(into the W)37(reck)-37( \(1972\), P)37(ower)-41.6( \(1974\), )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 18.6028 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (Of)Tj -18.6028 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc [(W)36.9(oman Born: Motherhood as Experience and)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (Institution)Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.6638 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(\(1976\), )-18.4(T)83.4(ranscendental Etude \(1977\),)]TJ -4.6638 -1.5 TD 0 Tw [()-18.3(T)101.9(wenty)18.5(-)-37(One Love P)37(oems \(1978\))]TJ -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(James W)36.9(right, )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 6.7414 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Collected P)36.8(oems)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.6336 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(\(1971\), )134.3(A)]TJ -13.125 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Centenary Ode: Inscribed to Little Crow)74(, Leader)]TJ T* [(of the Sioux R)18.4(ebellion in Minnesota, 1862)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(\(1971\), )-23(With the Shell of a Hermit Crab)37( \(1977\))]TJ 24.2481 64.5011 TD 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(K)18.2(orean W)55.7(ar \(1950)-120.8(53\))]TJ 0 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Heyday of McCarthyism \(195354\))Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(U)60(.)0.2(S)18.4(.)0( Supreme Court bans school segregation in)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 1.25 -1.5 TD [(Brown v)78.7(.)0( Board of Education)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 12.9592 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1954\))Tj -14.2092 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(R)18.3(osa P)36.9(arks is arrested for refusing to give up her)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (seat on a bus, sparks Montgomery bus boycott)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc (\(1955\))Tj -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc (Supreme Court rules that bus segregation is illegal)Tj 1.25 -1.5 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1956\))Tj -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc [(V)55.6(oting Rights Bill passed by Congress \(1957\))]TJ T* [(P)18.2(resident Eisenhower sends U)60.2(.)0.3(S)18.5(.)-0.1( Army troops to)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Little R)18.4(ock, Arkansas, to enforce desegregation in)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (public schools \(1957\))Tj -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc (The Soviet Union launches )Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.4004 0 TD (Sputnik)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.6135 0 TD (1, the first artifi-)Tj -14.7639 -1.5 TD (cial satellite, into space \(1957\))Tj -1.25 -3 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Greensboro sit)23.1(-in protests begin \(1960\))]TJ 0 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc (Cuban Missile Crisis \(1962\))Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(Civil Rights March on W)55.6(ashington, D)60.2(.C. \(1963\))]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(P)18.2(resident John F)199.1(.)-0.3( K)18.5(ennedy assassinated \(1963\))]TJ T* 0 Tw (Civil Rights Act \(1964\))Tj T* [(Vietnam W)55.6(ar \(196475\))]TJ T* (Malcolm X assassinated \(1965\))Tj T* 0 Tc [(V)55.7(oting Rights Act \(1965\))]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Black P)36.9(anther P)36.9(arty for Self Defense founded by)]TJ 1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Huey Newton and Bobby Seale \(1965\))Tj -1.25 -1.5 TD [(Martin Luther King Jr)101.9(. assassinated \(1968\))]TJ T* [(U)60.1(.)0.3(S)18.5(.)0( astronauts make first moon landing \(1969\))]TJ 0 -4.5 TD 0.0001 Tw [(W)56.1(atergate scandal \(197274\))]TJ /F14 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(R)18.7(oe v)78.9(.)0( W)37.1(ade)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 5.481 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (; Supreme Court rules abortion is legal)Tj -4.231 -1.5 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1973\))Tj -1.25 -1.5 TD -0.0002 Tc [(P)18.1(resident Richard Nixon resigns from office \(1974\))]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc (Moral Majority founded \(1979\))Tj T* (Iran hostage crisis \(197981\))Tj ET 0.8 G 0.5 w 69.1 472.9 m 522.6 472.9 l 69.1 305.5 m 522.26 305.5 l 69 102.5 m 522.17 102.5 l S Q endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F13 34 0 R /F14 35 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 5708 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 96 687.6748 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc 0 Tw [(A)18.4(UTHOR/TEXT REVIEW)]TJ /F19 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 663.6748 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Allen Ginsberg \(19261997\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1065 Tw [(Allen Ginsberg was born in Newark, New Jersey)111.3(, to Louis, a poet )]TJ T* 0.0125 Tc 0.0152 Tw [(and high school teacher)111.1(, and Naomi, who was of Russian descent. A)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1019 Tw (graduate of Paterson public schools, Ginsberg developed an early)Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0093 Tw [(friendship with the poet W)39(illiam Carlos W)39(illiams, who served as an)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0115 Tw (important mentor during his early development. After leaving New)Tj T* 0.2042 Tw [(Jersey to attend Columbia University)111.4(, Ginsberg met the novelist)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(W)38.9(illiam Burroughs, who encouraged not only his writing but also his)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(questioning of social conformity)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(After graduating from Columbia in 1948 \(he was)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.0092 Tw (expelled twice, but did receive a degree\), Ginsberg)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0639 Tw (considered the following summer a turning point )Tj T* 0.0081 Tc 0.0196 Tw (in his spiritual development. Feeling alone and iso-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0331 Tw [(lated in New Y)94.7(ork City)111.2(, Ginsberg reports having a)]TJ T* 0.1728 Tw (vision in which he heard his own voice reciting)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0183 Tw [(W)38.9(illiam Blake)72.1(s poetry)111.4(.)0( The hallucination became a)]TJ T* 0.002 Tc 0.0256 Tw (moment of great insight for Ginsberg, and he refers)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (to the experience as a revelation.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.0064 Tw [(Perhaps the most crucial moment in Ginsberg)72.1(s)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0109 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(poetic career)111.3(, however)111.2(, was his decision to move to)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1795 Tw (San Francisco, where a group of young writers,)Tj T* 0.0884 Tw (including Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, and Gregory)Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 0.0245 Tw [(Corso, were already living. Eventually)111.2(, these writers)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.015 Tw [(were associated with the Beat movement, a term coined by Kerouac)]TJ T* 0.0075 Tc 0.0201 Tw [(for its punning reference to beaten down and beatified. Ginsberg)]TJ T* 0.0071 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(credits Kerouac as one of his greatest influences. Through this prose)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0487 Tw [(writer)111.2(, he came to appreciate the practice of automatic writing, in)]TJ T* 0.0042 Tc 0.0234 Tw (which the process of writing becomes as important as the final prod-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(uct; in fact, revision is discouraged. Kerouac also convinced Ginsberg)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tw (to incorporate personal experience in his verse, a practice that opened)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(the door for confessional poetry)111.5(.)0.1( Robert Lowell said that )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 26.4297 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.7254 0 TD (forever)Tj -29.1551 -1.2973 TD 0.017 Tc 0.0106 Tw (changed how he would write poetry and made his book )Tj /F8 1 Tf 26.9387 0 TD (Life Studies)Tj /F7 1 Tf -26.9387 -1.2973 TD 0.0108 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(possible. Ginsberg)72.1(s poetry features colloquial language riddled with)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0078 Tw (slang and obscenities, a prophetic tone, lengthy lines meant to be per-)Tj T* 0.0048 Tc 0.0228 Tw [(formed aloud, and a desire to capture the author)72.2(s)0( physical and emo-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (tional state at the time of creation.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0059 Tw (Known for their alternative lifestyle, the Beat writers experimented)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(freely with drugs, sex, and spirituality)111.2(. Like Kerouac, Ginsberg trav-)]TJ T* 0.0101 Tc 0.0175 Tw [(eled extensively)111.2(, mostly during the early 1960s. His poetry is colored)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1307 Tw (by this social freedom and wanderlust. Perhaps his most famous)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0 Tw (poem, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 3.2046 0 TD (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.7731 0 TD 0.0221 Tw (chronicles the Beat culture of the 1950s. A radical poem)Tj -5.9777 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2292 Tw [(for its subject matter)111.3(, straightforward exploration of alternative )]TJ T* 0.2132 Tw (culture \(particularly drug-induced experiences\), and social com-)Tj T* 0 Tw [(mentary)111.4(,)0.2( )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 4.5393 0 TD (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.8586 0 TD 0.025 Tw (was in danger of being censored in 1957, but Judge)Tj -7.3978 -1.2973 TD 0.0138 Tw (Clayton Horn decided that the poem merited publication. The trial)Tj T* 0.0146 Tc 0 Tw (made )Tj /F8 1 Tf 2.9201 0 TD (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.8093 0 TD 0.013 Tw (an instant success and brought the Beat movement new)Tj -5.7294 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (prominence.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(Ginsberg, like many of the other Beat poets, was deeply interested)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 388.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([5683])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 388.6797 Tm -0.0002 Tc (John Doss, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.8543 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Allen Ginsberg at)Tj -8.5334 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Madame Nhu P)37(rotest, 1963)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.8472 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1963\),)Tj -11.8472 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(courtesy of the Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust and)]TJ T* (the Department of Special Collections,)Tj T* (Stanford University Libraries.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 448.8029 60.9958 Tm 0.4294 Tc -0.0001 Tw (ALLEN GINSBERG)Tj /F1 1 Tf 17.5978 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj ET 1 g 332 559 228 -156 re 558.5 60.996 m f* Q q 1 i 332 559 228 -156 re W* n q 228.2302 0 0 156.7035 331.09 402.2966 cm /Im1 Do Q Q endstream endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 42 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 9638 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0203 Tc 0.0073 Tw [(in Eastern religions, particularly Buddhism, and studied it in India)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0067 Tw [(during the early 1960s. In 1965, Ginsberg returned from his travels)]TJ T* 0.0214 Tc 0.0062 Tw [(throughout the East and began lecturing at universities around the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(country)111.4(.)0( He continued to hold radical beliefs and became a symbol of)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1529 Tw (counterculture and intellectual freedom in the United States. He)Tj T* 0.0134 Tc 0.0142 Tw [(remained an avid opponent of war)111.1(, consumerism, and the establish-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (ment until his death.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 586.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 568.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.7548 568.8796 Tm 0.0137 Tc 0.0139 Tw [(Beat poets were famous for their poetry performances; indeed,)]TJ -2.46 -1.2973 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0268 Tw [(we might see them as precursors to currently popular poetry slams.)]TJ T* 0.0167 Tc 0.0109 Tw [(Have students take turns reading passages from )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 23.3049 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.8174 0 TD 0.011 Tw (\(the first sec-)Tj -26.1223 -1.2973 TD 0.0137 Tc 0.014 Tw [(tion of the poem works well\). After several students have performed)]TJ T* 0.0089 Tc 0.0188 Tw (the poem, ask the class to discuss the performance choices each stu-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0145 Tw [(dent made. What words did they emphasize? What was the tone of the)]TJ T* 0.0104 Tw (performance? Did they change the dynamics of their voice? What was)Tj T* 0.0061 Tc 0.0215 Tw (it like for the students to read this poem aloud? How does the mean-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (ing change with each performance?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 460.8797 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.8946 460.8797 Tm 0.0204 Tc 0.0073 Tw (Ask students to write their own poem in the style of Ginsberg.)Tj -2.4751 -1.2973 TD 0 Tc 0.0034 Tw [(Y)94.9(ou might get them started by asking them to make a list of the defin-)]TJ T* 0.0059 Tc 0.0218 Tw (ing characteristics of their generation. Students should also consider)Tj T* 0.0101 Tc 0.0175 Tw [(the formal features of Ginsberg)72.1(s work \(long lines, blurred boundary)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0143 Tw [(between prose and poetry)111.4(,)0.1( use of many registers, including slang, eru-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.012 Tw (dite allusions, etc.\), the often aggressive tone, the intimacy created)Tj T* 0.0085 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(between speaker and reader)111.2(, and the political critique that drives his)]TJ T* 0.0098 Tc 0.0179 Tw (work. After the students have written their poems, they should write)Tj T* 0.0213 Tc 0.0063 Tw (several paragraphs explaining what features or characteristics they)Tj T* 0.0146 Tc 0.013 Tw (were trying to capture. Then, have students break into small groups)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0593 Tw (and share their poems. Each group should vote on the best poem.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0025 Tw (Groups should be prepared to defend their choices as they listen to all)Tj T* 0 Tw (of the poems.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 286.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 268.8796 Tm 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.5554 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0191 Tw (Why do you think Ginsberg chose the title )Tj /F8 1 Tf 20.8626 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.5335 0 TD 0 Tc (?)Tj -30.6542 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0378 Tw [(What is the ef)16.8(fect of the repetition of words at the beginning of lines)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0587 Tw [(\(e.g., who, Moloch, Im\). T)94.7(o)0( what does Moloch refer? Why does)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Ginsberg divide the poem into three parts?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0093 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3424 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(In T)94.6(o Aunt Rose, Ginsberg refers to the Abraham)]TJ -7.0451 -1.2973 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.0257 Tw [(Lincoln Brigade, Hitler)111.4(, and Emily Bront, a seemingly eclectic set)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0037 Tw (of allusions. What is the significance of each reference? How is his-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tory treated here?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1872 0 TD 0.005 Tw (Sutra is the Sanskrit word for thread. It refers to)Tj -6.8899 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.4198 Tw (Brahmin or Buddhist texts used for religious teaching. In)Tj T* 0.1266 Tw [(Ginsberg)72.1(s poem Sunflower Sutra, what does the title mean?)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (What does the sunflower symbolize?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.7278 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2399 Tw (In A Supermarket in California, Ginsberg repeatedly)Tj -3.4305 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0037 Tw [(addresses the nineteenth-century poet W)55.6(alt Whitman. Why does he)]TJ T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0198 Tw (invoke this bard? What do these poets share? If Ginsberg is deter-)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 691.459 Tm 0.4795 Tc 0 Tw (GINSBERG WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([4999])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 674.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)18.3(,)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(T)46.2(imothy L)18.5(eary)88(, and R)18.5(alph Metzer \(L)18.5(eft to)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Right\) Standing in F)55.6(ront of a T)120.5(en F)37(oot)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Plaster Buddha)Tj /F17 1 Tf 6.4563 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1965\), courtesy of the)Tj -6.4563 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* (119239]. Beats preparing for a psy-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(chedelic celebration)55.4( at the Village)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(Theater in New Y)111.1(ork City)87.9(. Beat writers)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (looked to Eastern religions and tradi-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(tions, finding European-)18.4(American cul-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(ture and religions empty of meaning)18.3(.)]TJ T* [(See Ginsbergs poem Sunflower Sutra)36.8()]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(\(sutra)36.9( is Sanskrit for thread and)]TJ T* (refers to Buddhist religious texts\).)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 527.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5682])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 527.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0004 Tc [(Ginsberg)-288.5(T)120.1(yping)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(1956\), courtesy of the Allen Ginsberg)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(T)102.2(rust. Ginsberg typing )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 9.3406 0 TD (Howl)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.395 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (in kitchen.)Tj -11.7356 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Ginsberg first unveiled )Tj /F18 1 Tf 9.6067 0 TD -0.0004 Tc (Howl)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.1069 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (, one of his)Tj -11.7136 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (most famous and controversial poems,)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(at a poetry reading in San F)55.4(rancisco at)]TJ T* [(the Six Gallery)87.9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 454.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5683])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 454.459 Tm -0.0002 Tc (John Doss, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.8542 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)-288.4(at)]TJ -8.1156 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Madame Nhu P)37(rotest, 1963)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.8472 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1963\),)Tj -11.8472 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(courtesy of the Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust and)]TJ T* (the Department of Special Collections,)Tj T* (Stanford University Libraries. Allen)Tj T* (Ginsberg is pictured here in front of City)Tj T* [(Lights Bookstore in San F)55.5(rancisco, after)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (the antiMadame Nhu demonstration of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (1963. Madame Nhu, wife of the head)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (of the Vietnamese secret police, was the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(official hostess of the U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)-0.5(-)-18.5(controlled)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (South Vietnamese government. When a)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (Buddhist monk immolated himself in)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Saigon as a protest against the govern-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(ment)-27.7(s favoritism of Catholicism \(the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (majority of South Vietnamese were)Tj T* (Buddhist\), Madame Nhu called the sui-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(cide a )-46.4(barbecue and offered to light)]TJ T* 0 Tw (the match for the next one. When she)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (came to the University of California,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(Berkeley)88.1(, campus in 1963, she was met)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (with a wide variety of protests.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 223.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7490])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 223.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Dennis Cook, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.9998 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Allen Ginsberg)Tj -9.2611 -1.2353 TD [(R)18.6(eads)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 2.771 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (Howl \(1994\), courtesy of the)Tj -2.771 -1.2353 TD [(Associated P)37(ress. In the 1950s,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Ginsberg shocked America with his)Tj T* (poetic manifesto )Tj /F18 1 Tf 7.1274 0 TD -0.0004 Tc (Howl)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.1069 0 TD 0 Tc (.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 170.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7537])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 170.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Allen Ginsberg)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Uncensored P)55.5(oetry R)18.4(eading in)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(W)55.8(ashington Square P)55.4(ark )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 10.345 0 TD 0 Tc (\(1966\), cour-)Tj -10.345 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(tesy of the Associated P)36.9(ress. Allen)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Ginsberg was born in New Jersey in)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (1926 and attended Columbia)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (University; while a student, he was)Tj T* [(greatly influenced by W)18.4(illiam Burroughs.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (10)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 45 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Length 5564 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 108 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc -0.0249 Tw [(mined to forge a new poetry about life on the fringes of society)111.2(, why)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw (does he invoke a traditional, canonized poet?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0095 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3809 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.0187 Tw [(Compare Ginsberg)72.1(s interpretation of the Beats philosophy)]TJ -3.0836 -1.2973 TD 0.015 Tc 0.0126 Tw [(to Gary Snyder)72.3(s. What techniques do the poets share, and where)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (do they diverge?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3762 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.012 Tw (Review the context on Orientalism in Unit 10. Many of)Tj -5.0789 -1.2973 TD 0.0145 Tc 0.0131 Tw [(the modernist poets, particularly Ezra Pound and W)39(illiam Carlos)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0133 Tw [(W)38.9(illiams, were fascinated by Asian art, architecture, and poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw (The Beat poets also share an interest in Asian culture, particularly)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(Buddhism. How do these two generations of American poets dif)16.8(fer)]TJ T* -0.0266 Tw (in their treatment of Asian culture? What techniques do they share?)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.101 Tw (Why do you think this fascination with the Far East continues)Tj T* 0.0044 Tc 0.0232 Tw [(throughout the century? Y)94.7(ou might consider Pound)72.2(s In a Station)]TJ T* 0.015 Tc 0.0126 Tw [(of the Metro and The River)72.2(-Merchant)72.2(s)0( W)39(ife: A Letter; W)39.1(illiam)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0386 Tw [(Carlos W)39(illiams)72.2(s W)39(illow Poem; Ginsberg)72.1(s)0( Sunflower Sutra;)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(and Gary Snyder)72.2(s)-0.1( The Blue Sky)111.1(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4082 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.02 Tw (Ginsberg begins Ego Confession with the line, I want)Tj -5.1109 -1.2973 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0262 Tw (to be known as the most brilliant man in America. How does that)Tj T* 0.0019 Tc 0.0257 Tw [(beginning af)16.8(fect the reader? What is the tone? What is the portrait)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0094 Tw [(of the poet represented here? How does Ginsberg)72.1(s)0( notion of the)]TJ T* 0.0034 Tc 0.0242 Tw [(poet dif)16.7(fer from that of his modernist predecessors, like T)111.2(.)0( S. Eliot)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0 Tw (\(see )Tj /F8 1 Tf 2.4634 0 TD 0.2606 Tw [(The W)54.9(aste Land)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 7.9964 0 TD [(\) and W)39(illiam Carlos W)39(illiams \(consider)]TJ /F8 1 Tf -10.4598 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Paterson)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.9238 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\)?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -5.2211 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.7014 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0066 Tw [(Like W)39(illiam Carlos W)39(illiams, W)55.6(alt Whitman, Robert)]TJ -5.4041 -1.2973 TD 0.0111 Tw [(Frost, and a host of other writers, Ginsberg struggles to create a)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0007 Tw [(uniquely American poetry)111.4(.)0( What does it mean to be an American to)]TJ T* -0.0039 Tw (Ginsberg? What does he value most? How does his poetic voice dif-)Tj T* 0 Tw (fer from that of other poets youve read? How is it similar?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD (John Ashbery \(b. 1927\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0308 Tw [(John Ashbery was born in Rochester)111.3(, New Y)94.6(ork, and he earned his)]TJ T* 0.3373 Tw [(B.A. from Harvard University)111.3(. He also received an M.A. from)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0077 Tw [(Columbia, where he wrote his thesis on English novelist Henry Green,)]TJ T* 0.0152 Tc 0.0124 Tw (who is known for his detached and witty style. Ashbery studied as a)Tj T* 0.0083 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(Fulbright scholar in France from 1955 to 1957 and returned there in)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.0261 Tw [(1958. He earned a living by writing art criticism for )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 24.4612 0 TD [(Art News)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 4.454 0 TD (and the)Tj -28.9152 -1.2973 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0186 Tw [(European edition of the )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 11.6286 0 TD [(New Y)91.7(ork Herald T)110.8(ribune)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 11.6203 0 TD (. Upon returning to)Tj -23.2489 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0208 Tw (America in 1965, Ashbery continued to work as editor of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 26.6525 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Art News)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4284 0 TD 0 Tw (for)Tj -31.0809 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0425 Tw (the next seven years. Since 1972, he has continued his work as art )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (critic while also teaching at Brooklyn College.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0154 Tw [(Associated with the New Y)94.7(ork school of poetry)111.4(,)0( Ashbery is known)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(as an experimental poet, whose impersonal, clever style is often dif)16.7(fi-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0081 Tw [(cult and opaque. The New Y)94.6(ork School was a group of poets including)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1755 Tw [(Frank OHara, Ashbery)111.4(, Kenneth Koch, James Schuyler)111.3(, and T)94.6(e)0.1(d)]TJ T* 0.0077 Tc 0.02 Tw (Berrigan, among others, who knew each other well, made references)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0311 Tw (to each other in their work, and were deeply influenced by avant-garde)Tj T* 0.0183 Tc 0.0094 Tw (artists such as Jackson Pollock. Under the influence of abstract art,)Tj T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0145 Tw (these writers became interested in the creative process itself. Unlike)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (many of their contemporaries, they did not write about the social and)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 455.0795 60.9958 Tm 0.4294 Tc 0 Tw [(JOHN ASHBER)18.7(Y)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 15.8666 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (11)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 48 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Length 6890 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 306 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0151 Tw [(political issues of their time. Ashbery)72.2(s interest in)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.2411 Tw [(visual art, particularly the New Y)94.7(ork school of)]TJ T* 0.0482 Tw (abstract painters prolific in the 1940s and 1950s,)Tj T* 0.0303 Tw (influences his verse. Like many of these painters,)Tj T* 0.0066 Tw (Ashbery explores the relationship between nature)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0151 Tw (and life, but rather than using nature as a blueprint)Tj T* 0.0058 Tc 0.0219 Tw (for life, Ashbery chooses not to emphasize realism.)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1203 Tw (Instead, his poems examine the creative process)Tj T* 0.1806 Tw (itself, as a poem like And Ut Pictura Poesis Is )Tj T* 0.0799 Tw (Her Name illustrates. Like the high modernists,)Tj T* 0.0059 Tc 0.0217 Tw [(Ashbery uses juxtaposition, verbal playfulness, and)]TJ T* 0.0076 Tc 0.02 Tw [(wit, and he rarely of)16.8(fers the reader commentary or)]TJ T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0182 Tw (analysis in his poems, instead leaving the meaning)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (open to interpretation.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.0148 Tw (Like many other American poets, Ashbery com-)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0097 Tw (poses his work in a conversational style reminiscent)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.0197 Tw (of dialogue, though the diction is rarely colloquial.)Tj -8.4324 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0552 Tw (His work is characterized by sudden changes in register and tone, )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(and he often blurs the boundaries between prose and poetry)111.4(.)0( The mix-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0269 Tw (ture of erudite language with the discourse of popular culture also)Tj T* 0.1147 Tw (shows the influence of mass culture in modern life. Interested in )Tj T* 0.0776 Tw [(dif)16.7(ferent voices, he often imitates or incorporates fragments from)]TJ T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0212 Tw (newspapers, advertisements, business memos, scientific articles, and)Tj T* 0.0201 Tc 0.0076 Tw [(textbooks. In addition, Ashbery uses clichs frequently to show our)]TJ T* 0.0203 Tc 0.0074 Tw [(inability to escape the hackneyed confines of language itself. While)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0806 Tw (many poets, particularly the modernists, rely on fragmentation in)Tj T* 0.0632 Tw [(their poetry)111.4(,)0( Ashbery dif)16.8(fers because he leads the reader to expect)]TJ T* 0.0042 Tc 0.0234 Tw [(sequence and continuity)111.2(. For example, he frustrates our grammatical)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.0164 Tw (expectations by beginning a line with standard grammar only to use)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0223 Tw [(the inappropriate verb tense or referent later on. He also confuses syn-)]TJ T* 0.0016 Tc 0.026 Tw (tax by omitting punctuation and piling up relative clauses and paren-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0396 Tw [(theses. Influenced by W)111.3(.)0( H. Auden, Laura Riding, and W)55.6(allace Stevens,)]TJ T* 0.0098 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Ashbery writes decisive, yet lyrical verse, and he considers the musi-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0237 Tw (cality of his verse most important. Regarded as one of the most impor-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2144 Tw (tant modern poets, Ashbery has had a profound influence on a)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (younger generation of authors known as the language poets.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 238.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 220.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.9134 220.8796 Tm 0.0213 Tc 0.0063 Tw [(Because Ashbery)72.1(s poetry is dif)16.7(ficult, David Perkins of)16.6(fers two)]TJ -2.4771 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0049 Tw [(helpful approaches to reading his work. Ashbery)72.1(s early work, through)]TJ T* 0.0125 Tc 0.0152 Tw (the 1950s, can be read in the context of modernism because it relies)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0185 Tw [(on the same collage technique typical of Eliot, Pound, and W)39.1(illiams.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0063 Tw [(Also influenced by surrealism in the 1950s, Ashbery writes poems that)]TJ T* 0.0107 Tc 0.0169 Tw [(depend upon juxtaposition, fragmentation, swift changes in register)111.2(,)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tc 0.0253 Tw (and syntactical disruption. His later poetry seems to share more with)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0185 Tw [(Stevens and Auden because it is characterized by a meditative sensi-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0075 Tw [(bility)111.3(. Interested in the movement of the mind and the impossibility of)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2013 Tw [(representing reality)111.2(, Ashbery)72.1(s poems develop new techniques to)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(broach similar problems of the nature of reality)111.3(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 265.4591 Tm 0.4794 Tc (ASHBERY WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 248.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([4022])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 248.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc (Marcel Duchamp, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 7.8066 0 TD (Nude)Tj -11.068 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc (Descending a Staircase \(No. 2\))Tj /F17 1 Tf 13.2458 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1912\),)Tj -13.2458 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of Philadelphia Museum of Art,)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(The L)18.2(ouise and W)55.3(alter Arensberg)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Collection, and Artist Rights Society; )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc ( Artist Rights Society \(ARS\), New )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Y)110.9(ork/AD)18.3(A)18.1(G)-0.2(P)240.7(,)-0.4( P)55.4(aris/Estate of Marcel)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Duchamp. American audiences criticized)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (and ridiculed this abstract painting when)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (it was exhibited at the Armory Show in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(New Y)111.2(ork in 1913. 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Have your students construct their own poems using maga-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (zine fragments.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 634.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 616.8796 Tm 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6222 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0859 Tw [(Ashbery)72.2(s poem Illustration could be read as a)]TJ -7.3249 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0277 Tw (character sketch of the figure of the novice. What happens to the)Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.023 Tw [(novice . . . sitting on a cornice? Who is she? What does she sym-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (bolize? How does the title help us better understand the poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.608 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0717 Tw [(How does Ashbery)72.1(s)0( interest in abstract painting)]TJ -7.3107 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (influence his poetry?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1904 0 TD 0.0082 Tw [(Like many of Ashbery)72.2(s poems, Soonest Mended is)]TJ -6.8931 -1.2973 TD -0.0042 Tw (inspired by a painting. What is the tone of Soonest Mended? Line)Tj T* 0.0265 Tw (14 seems to mark a shift in the poem. What changes here? What is)Tj T* 0 Tw [(the speaker)72.3(s)0( ambition? What does he mean by this?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.2651 0 TD -0.0108 Tw [(Ashbery is known for writing collage-like poems, a technique)]TJ -2.9678 -1.2973 TD -0.0328 Tw [(also practiced by many of the high modernists, including T)111.3(.)0( S. Eliot.)]TJ T* 0.0157 Tc 0.0119 Tw (Like Eliot, Ashberry writes in a range of registers, experimenting)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.122 Tw (with what he calls prose voices. Compare )Tj /F8 1 Tf 22.0459 0 TD [(The W)54.9(aste Land )]TJ /F7 1 Tf 8.1413 0 TD 0 Tw (to)Tj -30.1871 -1.2973 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.0091 Tw (Soonest Mended, looking particularly at how these poets make)Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw (transitions, link material, and jump between images and registers.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(What technical similarities and dif)16.8(ferences do you notice?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0063 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3547 0 TD 0.0058 Tc 0.0218 Tw [(Ashbery peppers his poetry with scores of erudite allusions.)]TJ -3.0574 -1.2973 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(In Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror)111.2(, for example, each page con-)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tc 0.0254 Tw (tains several footnotes explaining these references to readers. Why)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0126 Tw [(do you think he includes so many allusions? T)94.6(o)0( whom or what does)]TJ T* 0.0155 Tc 0.0122 Tw (he allude? Can you make generalizations about these references?)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (What does this tell us about his intended audience?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.8307 0 TD 0.022 Tc (In )Tj /F8 1 Tf 1.4801 0 TD 0.1358 Tw (Laocon; an Essay on the Limits of Painting and)Tj -7.0134 -1.2973 TD 0.0203 Tc 0 Tw (Poetry)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.9359 0 TD 0.0073 Tw (, Gotthold Lessing argues that the sister arts of poetry and)Tj -2.9359 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0288 Tw [(painting achieve their ef)16.8(fects through the nature of the medium)]TJ T* 0.0145 Tc 0.0132 Tw (\(words, paint\), and to succeed, each must exploit the potential of)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1239 Tw [(that medium while keeping in mind its limitations. Poetry)111.4(,)0( for)]TJ T* 0.0037 Tc 0.024 Tw (example, works best when representing human action, but it lacks)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0069 Tw (visual vividness. In contrast, painting best adapts to the representa-)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(tion of idealized human beauty in repose. Owing to the nontempo-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0158 Tw [(ral character of words and paint, neither painting nor poetry easily)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0361 Tw (represents the body in action. Only by selecting the critical or)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0021 Tw (fruitful moment, which simultaneously preserves physical beauty)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0557 Tw (and concentrates within itself the suggestion of past and future)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0065 Tw (action, can the painter or poet even indirectly represent a sequence)Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw [(of events in action. How does Ashbery)72.2(s poetry reflect this struggle)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0062 Tw [(and the desire to blend media? Y)94.7(ou might consider Self-Portrait in)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(a Convex Mirror in particular)111.3(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.9203 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2254 Tw [(Ashbery)72.2(s poetry has been described as meditative)]TJ -5.623 -1.2973 TD 0.0175 Tw [(because he rarely describes events or people; instead he is inter)72.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0138 Tc 0.0904 Tw [(e)-8.3(s)-8.3(t)-8.4(ed in representing the inner workings of the mind, especially )]TJ T* 0.0648 Tw (as involved in the creative process. Like his modernist predeces-)Tj T* 0.0609 Tw (sors, Auden and particularly Stevens, Ashbery struggles with the)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 689.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([4525])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 689.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Joan Miro, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.7939 0 TD (Shooting Star)Tj /F17 1 Tf -8.0553 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw (\(1938\), courtesy of the National Gallery)Tj T* 0 Tw (of Art and Artist Rights Society:)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(1970.36.1.\(2546\)/P)55.7(A)-18.5(:)0.2( Miro, Joan,)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Shooting Star)101.8(, Gift of Joseph H)18.3(.)0( Hazen,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Photograph 2002 Board of T)101.9(rustees,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(National Gallery of Art, W)55.6(a)0.2(shington; )]TJ T* ( 2002 Successio Miro/Artist Rights)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(Society \(ARS\), New Y)111.2(ork/AD)18.5(A)18.3(G)0(P)240.9(,)-0.2( P)55.6(aris.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Surreal painting illustrating the emphasis)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (on geometric shapes and human forms)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (in abstract art. Modern art initially cen-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (tered in Europe and met with hostility)Tj T* (from American audiences.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 542.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([4526])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 542.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Joan Miro, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.7939 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(The F)37(arm)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -8.0553 -1.2353 TD 0 Tw (\(192122\), courtesy of the National)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Gallery of Art and Artist Rights Society:)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(1987.18.1./P)55.6(A)-18.6(:)0.1( Miro, Joan, The F)37(arm,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Gift of Mary Hemingway)87.9(, Photograph )]TJ T* 0.0002 Tw [( 2002 Board of T)101.9(rustees, National)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Gallery of Art, W)55.6(ashington; 2002)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Successio Miro/Artist Rights Society)Tj T* 0.0002 Tw [(\(ARS\), New Y)111.1(ork/AD)18.4(A)18.2(G)-0.1(P)240.8(,)-0.3( P)55.5(aris. Spanish)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(artist Miro moved to P)55.5(aris to be at the)]TJ T* (center of modern art. This painting is of)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(his family)-55.6(s farm in Catalonia and repre-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (sents a merging of realism and cubism.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 406.0669 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([4528])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 406.0669 Tm -0.0004 Tc [(R)18.6(en Magritte, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.3391 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(a)0( Condition)]TJ -9.6004 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc (Humaine)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.0483 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1933\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.0483 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (National Gallery of Art and Artist Rights)Tj T* [(Society: 1987.55.1./P)55.5(A)-18.7(:)0.1( Magritte, R)18.4(en,)]TJ /F18 1 Tf T* 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.5(a)0( condition humaine)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.8674 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (, Gift of the)Tj -8.8674 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Collectors Committee, Photograph )Tj T* 0.0002 Tw [( 2002 Board of T)101.9(rustees, National)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Gallery of Art, W)55.6(ashington; 2002 )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (C. Herscovici, Brussels/Artist Rights)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Society \(ARS\), New Y)111.2(ork. P)55.6(a)0.1(inting of win-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (dow and easel showing landscape. This)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw (work explores the divisions between)Tj T* 0 Tw (realism and representationalism.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 269.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5303])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 269.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Arthur Bowen Davies, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 9.2222 0 TD (Dancers)Tj /F17 1 Tf -12.4835 -1.2353 TD (\(1914\), courtesy of The Detroit Institute)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (of Arts: Dancers, 1914/1915. Arthur)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Bowen Davies. Gift of R)18.4(a)0.2(lph Harman)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Booth. Photograph 1985 The Detroit)Tj T* (Institute of Arts. An example of cubism.)Tj T* (This painting uses geometric forms to)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (represent human bodies. A major exhi-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (bition of modern art was held at the)Tj T* 0 Tc [(Armory in New Y)111.3(ork City in 1913.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 455.0795 60.9958 Tm 0.4294 Tc [(JOHN ASHBER)18.7(Y)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 15.8666 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (13)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 57 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Length 5740 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0138 Tc 0.0087 Tw [(problem of representing a reality that can never be truly grasped. )]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0406 Tw [(As critic David Perkins notes, Ashbery)111.4(,)0( like Stevens, writes about )]TJ T* 0.0212 Tw [(the mind forming hypotheses about reality in general, about the)]TJ T* -0.0046 Tc 0.0239 Tw (ultimate truth of nature of things. While Stevens tried to represent)Tj T* -0.0024 Tc 0.0217 Tw [(the supreme fiction, however)111.1(, Ashbery finds it futile to seek order)]TJ T* 0.0138 Tc 0.1143 Tw [(or structure in reality)111.2(. Despite this seemingly cynical and hope-)]TJ T* 0.2222 Tw [(less outlook, however)111.2(, Ashbery)72.2(s poetry is usually positive and )]TJ T* 0.1077 Tw [(curious, upbeat and hopeful. Look at the surrealist paintings in )]TJ T* 0.1381 Tw [(the W)55.6(eb archive. How do these paintings compare to Ashbery)72.2(s )]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc 0.0204 Tw (poetry? How do these visual images influence the way you read his)Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0 Tw (work?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD -0.0001 Tc [(James W)17.8(right \(19271980\))]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0451 Tw [(James W)39(right grew up in Martins Ferry)111.4(, Ohio, a small midwestern)]TJ T* 0.0128 Tc 0.0148 Tw [(town hit hard by the depression. W)39(r)0.1(ight)72.2(s)0( father worked in a factory )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0026 Tw (to make ends meet, and the financial hardships endured by the family)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1625 Tw [(influenced W)39(right deeply)111.3(, as later evidenced by his poetry about )]TJ T* 0.0185 Tc 0.0091 Tw [(the poor and marginalized in American society)111.4(. W)39(right received his)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0131 Tw (undergraduate degree from Kenyon College, a center for creative writ-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.027 Tw [(ing at the time led by John Crowe Ransom. W)39(right later served in the)]TJ T* 0.0029 Tc 0.0247 Tw [(army during the American occupation of Japan. After returning from)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0893 Tw [(overseas, he earned an M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of W)55.8(ash-)]TJ T* 0.0083 Tc 0.0194 Tw (ington, where he was a pupil of Theodore Roethke. After studying in)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0949 Tw [(V)55.7(ienna on a Fulbright scholarship, W)39.1(r)0.1(ight returned to the United)]TJ T* 0.0566 Tw (States, where he has taught at universities and colleges across the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(country)111.4(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0208 Tw [(W)39(right)72.2(s early poetry shares a sense of seriousness of subject matter)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.171 Tw [(characteristic of Thomas Hardy)111.2(,)0( Edwin Arlington Robinson, and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0122 Tw [(Robert Frost. Like Frost and Hardy)111.2(, W)39(right focuses on outsiders in his)]TJ T* 0.0201 Tw (poemsfigures like escaped convicts, grieving widows, and convicted)Tj T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(murderers. Many of his subjects also experience intense poverty)111.3(, as)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0232 Tw (The Minneapolis Poem suggests. Poems like A Blessing also illus-)Tj T* 0.0211 Tc 0.0065 Tw [(trate W)38.9(right)72.1(s af)16.7(finity with nature, a feature that renders this poem)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0072 Tw [(reminiscent of Frost. W)39(right feels conflicted about America, a land)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0006 Tw (filled with both promise and racism. The tensions between the beauti-)Tj T* -0.0097 Tw [(ful natural world and a cruel, industrialized world mirror this internal)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2812 Tw [(struggle. W)39(right)72.2(s anger at his social )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 19.5118 0 TD 0.0236 Tc 0 Tw (alienation)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.8161 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2812 Tw (allows him to)Tj -25.3279 -1.2973 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.0225 Tw (empathize with other marginalized people, and his poems often bear)Tj T* 0.0159 Tc 0.0117 Tw (an elegiac, mournful tone as he envisions the promise and opportu-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (nity that could have been.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.0263 Tw [(W)38.9(right)72.1(s poetry changed markedly)111.1(, however)111.2(, after he translated the)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0612 Tw [(work of Pablo Neruda, Cesar V)72.2(allejo, and Georg T)94.6(rakl. He learned)]TJ T* 0.0283 Tw [(from them a form of surrealism in which the connections between)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0224 Tw [(images seem absent. Like other poets writing in the 1960s, W)39(right also)]TJ T* 0.0244 Tw [(began to reject the traditional poetic form he had embraced earlier in)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw [(his career)111.3(. This later poetry reflects his continued interest in portray-)]TJ T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0211 Tw [(ing outsiders, however)111.2(, particularly the poor and oppressed. In 1971,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (his )Tj /F8 1 Tf 1.6475 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (Collected Poems)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.553 0 TD (won the Pulitzer Prize.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 165.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([9149])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 96.7725 165.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(F)36.5(ederal W)36.8(ire &)]TJ -9.11 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Steel Co.s Plant, Cleveland, Ohio)Tj /F17 1 Tf T* (\(c. 1920\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Congress, P)36.8(rints and Photographs)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Division, Detroit P)37(ublishing Company)]TJ T* 0 Tc [(Collection [LC)-22.9(-D4-72257 DLC].)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (14)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 288 144 -108 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 144.8357 0 0 109.093 65.57 179.4771 cm /Im3 Do Q Q endstream endobj 60 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F11 61 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im3 62 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Length 8112 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 691.459 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIP)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 673.459 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 118.6408 673.459 Tm 0.0026 Tc 0.0195 Tw [(Like Gary Snyder)111.2(,)0( James W)39(right seeks an alternative to modern,)]TJ -2.4477 -1.2973 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.0047 Tw [(industrialized society)111.2(, a sentiment fueled in part by his childhood in an)]TJ T* -0.0263 Tw [(Ohio factory town. He looks to nature as a refuge, as poems like T)94.6(o the)]TJ T* 0.0035 Tc 0.0186 Tw [(Evening Star: Central Minnesota and A Blessing suggest. His work)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.0209 Tw (often shows glimpses of the transcendentalism characteristic of other)Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 0.0791 Tw [(poets in this unit. Ask your students to read the poems mentioned)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0269 Tw (above and then write a prose description of the landscape evoked in the)Tj T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(verse. Their versions will probably be longer than W)39(right)72.2(s poems, so)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0063 Tw (ask them how they came to their conclusions. As they share their work)Tj T* 0 Tw [(with their classmates, notice the dif)16.7(ferent interpretations that arise.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 527.459 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 509.4591 Tm 0.0033 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.2579 0 TD 0.0031 Tc 0.0246 Tw (Poets often use titles as a way to suggest something)Tj -6.9606 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2564 Tw [(gently to the reader)111.2(. What is the significance of the title A)]TJ T* 0.0201 Tc 0.0076 Tw (Blessing? What or who is being blessed? What does the speaker)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (mean by the last two lines?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6426 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1064 Tw (As it is for the work of many poets in this unit, )Tj -7.3454 -1.2973 TD 0.0724 Tw (particularly the Beats and the transcendent poets, the image of )Tj T* 0.2525 Tw [(the journey is central to W)39.1(right)72.2(s work. Who or what is the )]TJ T* 0.0056 Tc 0.022 Tw [(she referred to in the third stanza of The Journey? What is the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (journey the speaker describes?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.5735 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0372 Tw (An elegy is a poem written to honor the dead. As)Tj -7.2762 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0237 Tw (might be expected, traditional elegies usually evoke a somber tone,)Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 0.0245 Tw [(employ ornate and elevated language, and of)16.6(fer a generally flatter-)]TJ T* 0.0069 Tc 0.0207 Tw [(ing portrait of the deceased. In W)38.8(ith the Shell of a Hermit Crab,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0235 Tw [(W)39(right satirizes the elegy form. What is the tone of this poem? How)]TJ T* 0.0101 Tc 0.0175 Tw [(is the reader meant to respond? T)94.6(oward the end, the poem begins)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.0149 Tw (to sound a little more sincere. How do you account for this shift?)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (What is the purpose of the epigraph?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.001 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3129 0 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0267 Tw [(Both W)38.9(right and Snyder are, in many ways, poets of nature.)]TJ -3.0156 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.014 Tw [(How do their attitudes toward the natural world dif)16.8(fer? What tech-)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(niques, if any)111.3(, do they share?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.8189 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.124 Tw [(James W)39(right)72.2(s poetry often shows an awareness of)]TJ -5.5216 -1.2973 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(working-class suf)16.7(fering, and his landscapes often reflect a sympa-)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tc 0.0251 Tw (thy and compassion for rural life and its hardworking inhabitants.)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0599 Tw (How does his work compare to that of other poets, particularly)Tj T* 0.0139 Tw [(Genevieve T)94.7(aggard and Gwendolyn Brooks, who write about the)]TJ T* 0.2018 Tw [(working classes? While T)94.7(aggard and Brooks often focus their)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.027 Tw [(poems on the people, W)39.1(right)72.2(s poems are frequently more indirect,)]TJ T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0104 Tw [(projecting sentiments and feelings onto a landscape instead. Y)94.4(o)0(u)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(might compare Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry)111.4(,)0( Ohio to some of)]TJ T* 0.0069 Tw [(Genevieve T)94.7(aggard)72.2(s work \(A Middle-aged, Middle-class W)55.6(oman at)]TJ T* 0.0208 Tc [(Midnight, Mill T)94.6(own\) and Brooks)72.2(s kitchenette building and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (The Bean Eaters.)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0129 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.5724 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.0155 Tw [(James W)39(r)0.1(ight)72.2(s)0( poetry has often been described as ele-)]TJ -5.2751 -1.2973 TD 0 Tc 0.0028 Tw (giac. Elegies are usually short poems written in a formal tone upon)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 416 497.4612 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw (WRIGHT WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 416 480.9612 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([4528])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 480.9612 Tm -0.0004 Tc [(R)18.6(en Magritte, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.3391 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(a)0( Condition)]TJ -9.6004 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc (Humaine)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.0483 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1933\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.0483 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (National Gallery of Art and Artist Rights)Tj T* [(Society: 1987.55.1./P)55.5(A)-18.7(:)0.1( Magritte, R)18.4(en,)]TJ /F18 1 Tf T* 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.5(a)0( condition humaine)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.8674 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (, Gift of the)Tj -8.8674 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Collectors Committee, Photograph )Tj T* 0.0002 Tw [( 2002 Board of T)101.9(rustees, National)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Gallery of Art, W)55.6(ashington; 2002 )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (C. Herscovici, Brussels/Artist Rights)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Society \(ARS\), New Y)111.2(ork. P)55.6(a)0.1(inting of win-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (dow and easel showing landscape. This)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw (work explores the divisions between)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(realism and representationalism. P)55.5(oet)]TJ T* [(James W)36.9(right learned from P)55.5(a)0.3(blo)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Neruda, Cesar V)55.4(a)0(llejo, and Georg T)101.8(rakl)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (a form of surrealism in which the con-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (nections between images seem absent.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 302.4611 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7397])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 302.4611 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Happy Hooligan It)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Is to L)18.5(augh: Nothing But F)37(u)0.3(n)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 12.0059 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1902\),)Tj -12.0059 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of the Library of Congress)Tj T* 0 Tc [([POS)-32.2(-)92.6(TH-1902. H36, no. 3]. )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 12.3584 0 TD -0.0004 Tc (Happy)Tj -12.3584 -1.2353 TD (Hooligan)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.8137 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(, a cartoon by F)55.5(rederick Burr)]TJ -3.8137 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Opper)101.8(, featured a jobless character with)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (a small tin can hat. Anthropologists)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (have noted that traditionally powerful)Tj T* (groups often use humor to restore and)Tj T* (reinforce jeopardized hierarchies and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(power relations. P)55.5(oet James W)36.9(right, writ-)]TJ T* [(ing in the mid-twentieth century)87.9(, often)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(focused on U)60.2(.)0.2(S)18.5(.)0( class issues.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 165.9612 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8618])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 165.9612 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(V)55.7(arious, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 3.6228 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(National V)18.3(ietnam)]TJ -6.8841 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Examination \()Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.6116 0 TD (1966\), courtesy of Special)Tj -5.6116 -1.2353 TD (Collections, Michigan State University)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Libraries. Exam distributed by Students)Tj T* (for a Democratic Society \(SDS\) and the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Inter)36.9(-University Committee for Debate)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 455.6786 60.9958 Tm 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw (JAMES WRIGHT)Tj /F1 1 Tf 15.7668 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Length 7426 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.0233 Tw [(the occasion of someone)72.2(s death. However)111.3(, elegiac can also refer to)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0241 Tw (poetry of meditation, usually on love, death, or expansive philo-)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (sophical topics. Some of the most famous elegies by modern)Tj T* 0.3946 Tw [(American poets include W)55.7(allace Stevens)72.2(s The Owl in the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0361 Tw [(Sarcophagus, Robert Lowell)72.2(s For the Union Dead, Anne Sexton)72.2(s)]TJ T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0114 Tw [(Sylvia)72.1(s Death, and Allen Ginsberg)72.1(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 18.2321 0 TD 0 Tw (Kaddish)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.8367 0 TD 0.0115 Tw [(. Elegies are gener)72.1(-)]TJ -22.0687 -1.2973 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0073 Tw (ally characterized by a ceremonial tone, expressions of grief and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0251 Tw [(loss, praise for the deceased, an attempt to continue their memory)111.4(,)]TJ T* 0.0044 Tc 0.0232 Tw [(and consolation in natural surroundings or religious values. Many)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0174 Tw [(poets of the twentieth century)111.4(,)0( however)111.2(, reflect modern cynicism by)]TJ T* 0.0071 Tc 0.0206 Tw [(undermining or satirizing the traditional conventions of the elegy)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0122 Tc 0.0154 Tw [(Although W)38.9(right)72.1(s poems are not necessarily elegies for or to spe-)]TJ T* 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw (cific people, they do seem to mourn the loss of a particular way of)Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.0248 Tw (life and landscape. How do these poems fit the characteristics of a)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0362 Tw (traditional elegy? Which poems seem more elegiac than others?)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(How does W)39(right)72.2(s work diverge from the traditional genre?)]TJ /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD (Adrienne Rich \(b. 1929\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.0075 Tw (Born in Baltimore, Adrienne Rich describes her mother and grand-)Tj T* 0.0127 Tc 0.0149 Tw (mother as frustrated artists, whose talents were denied expression)Tj T* 0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw (by culture and circumstance. Perhaps their example, along with her)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1108 Tw [(father)72.3(s)0( encouragement, sparked her desire to become a writer at )]TJ T* 0.0166 Tc 0.011 Tw [(a time when women were still trying to prove themselves in a male-)]TJ T* 0.0111 Tc 0.0165 Tw [(dominated arena. After graduating from Radclif)16.8(fe in 1951, Rich was)]TJ T* 0.0166 Tc 0.011 Tw [(recognized for her poetry in the same year by W)111.3(.)0( H. Auden, who se-)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0263 Tw (lected her first book, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 9.9912 0 TD [(A Change of W)54.8(orld)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 8.4568 0 TD [(, for the coveted Y)94.6(ale Y)94.6(ounger)]TJ -18.448 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0342 Tw [(Poets series. Rich)72.2(s early poetry was influenced primarily by male writ-)]TJ T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0202 Tw [(ers, including Frost, Thomas, Donne, Auden, Stevens, and Y)94.5(eats. For)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.023 Tw (many young women, these men were the poets studied in high school)Tj T* 0.0178 Tc 0.0098 Tw (and university classes, talked about in magazines and journals, and)Tj T* 0.0147 Tc 0.013 Tw [(invited to speak at universities. Y)94.5(oung women were exposed to rela-)]TJ T* 0.0141 Tc 0.0135 Tw [(tively little poetry written by other women, and as such were taught)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0181 Tw (implicitly that to write well meant to write as well as a male poet. For)Tj T* 0.021 Tc 0.0066 Tw (writers like Rich, Plath, and Sexton the struggle to find female role)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.0196 Tw (models and express female experience was beginning with their own)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(work. Of course, there were examples of women poets mentoring one)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3542 Tw [(another)111.2(, most notably the mentorship of Elizabeth Bishop by)]TJ T* 0.0076 Tc 0.02 Tw (Marianne Moore, but this proved to be the exception rather than the)Tj T* 0.0079 Tc 0.0197 Tw [(rule. By the end of the 1950s and early 1960s, however)111.3(, Rich)72.1(s poetry)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0481 Tw [(had changed markedly as she began exploring women)72.3(s issues and)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(moving away from formal poetry toward a )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 20.1721 0 TD 0.0291 Tw (free verse)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.1743 0 TD 0.0272 Tw (that she saw as)Tj -25.3463 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (less patriarchal and more in tune with her true voice.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0114 Tc 0.0163 Tw (In the late 1960s, Rich, along with her husband, became active in)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0081 Tc 0.0195 Tw [(radical politics, especially protests against the V)55.5(ietnam W)55.5(a)0.2(r)111.2(.)0( In addi-)]TJ T* 0.0019 Tc 0.0257 Tw [(tion, she taught minority students in urban New Y)94.5(ork City)111.2(, an experi-)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tc 0.025 Tw (ence that began her lifelong commitment to education, a subject that)Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(would return in her essays. Not surprisingly)111(, her poetry reflected this)]TJ T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0125 Tw (intense interest in politics. This later verse features fragmented lan-)Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 65.5 689.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(on F)36.9(o)0.1(reign P)55.5(olicy)87.9(. The SDS was a major)]TJ 0 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (force in organizing protests and other)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(forms of opposition to the Vietnam W)55.5(a)0.8(r)101.9(.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(Many American poets protested the war)101.8(, )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(including Allen Ginsberg)18.4(, Denise)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.2(evertov)78.6(, R)18.3(obert Bly)87.8(, R)18.3(obert L)18.3(owell,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Adrienne Rich, James W)36.9(right, and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (Galway Kinnell.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 605.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([9149])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 605.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(F)36.5(ederal W)36.8(ire &)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Steel Co.s Plant, Cleveland, Ohio)Tj /F17 1 Tf T* (\(c. 1920\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Congress, P)36.8(rints and Photographs)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Division, Detroit P)37(ublishing Company)]TJ T* 0 Tc [(Collection [LC)-22.9(-D4-72257 DLC]. James)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(W)37(right was born in Martins F)36.9(erry)87.9(, Ohio,)]TJ T* [(across the river from Wheeling)18.4(, W)55.5(est)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Virginia, where his father worked in a)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(glass factory)87.8(. W)36.8(right)-27.9(s poetry is saturated)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(with images of)36.9(, and commentary on, the)]TJ T* (impact of industrialization on the natural)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc (landscape.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (16)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 334 144 -185 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 145.0802 0 0 185.7603 65.52 148.6397 cm /Im4 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 134.1797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([4312])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 97.2725 134.1797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(A)-18.5(drienne Rich)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -9.11 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1975\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(Congress [LC)-22.9(-USZ62-103575].)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F11 61 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im4 69 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Length 4885 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0586 Tw (guage, raw images, and looser form. At this time, Rich also began)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0172 Tw (identifying herself and her work with the growing feminist movement;)Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0199 Tw (she also identified as a lesbian. This lesbian consciousness led to the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1528 Tw [(development of poems such as T)94.8(ranscendental Etude and The)]TJ T* 0.0111 Tc 0.0166 Tw (Floating Poem that dealt explicitly with lesbian love and sex. In the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0791 Tw (1970s, Rich began exploring feminism through essay writing. Her)Tj T* 0.1123 Tw (most famous collection of prose, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 16.68 0 TD 0.1122 Tw [(Of W)54.9(oman Born: Motherhood as)]TJ -16.68 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0137 Tw (Experience and Institution)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12.0242 0 TD (, combines personal accounts, research, and)Tj -12.0242 -1.2973 TD 0.0163 Tw (theory to reveal her thoughts on feminism. In the 1980s, Rich wrote a)Tj T* 0.0104 Tc 0.0173 Tw [(number of dialogue poems, the best-known of which is her T)127.7(wenty-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1007 Tw (One Love Poems. This series modernizes the Elizabethan sonnet)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0232 Tw (sequences written by men to idealized women by directing the poems)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.09 Tw [(to an unnamed female lover)111.3(. Other poems, penned to women like )]TJ T* 0.0103 Tc 0.0173 Tw [(W)38.9(illa Cather)111.2(, Ethel Rosenberg, and the poet)72.1(s grandmothers, explore)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0084 Tw [(further aspects of Rich)72.2(s identity)111.3(, including her experience as a Jewish)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (woman.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.0234 Tw [(Rich)72.1(s work is known for its political radicalism and candid explo-)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0223 Tw [(ration of motherhood, feminism, lesbianism, and Jewish identity)111.3(. Her)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.0237 Tw (role as poet, essayist, and critic has earned her an important place in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (contemporary feminism.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 430.8797 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 412.8797 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 118.5335 412.8797 Tm 0.003 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(Adrienne Rich)72.2(s use of free verse can seem deceptively simple to)]TJ -2.4361 -1.2973 TD 0.0144 Tc 0.0132 Tw [(students. T)111.2(ype out one of the poems in paragraph form and ask stu-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1938 Tw (dents to break the lines where they feel they should be broken.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0165 Tw (Emphasize that there is not a right answer here, but rather that you)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0183 Tw (are curious about what their rationale will be for where lines should)Tj T* 0.0133 Tc 0.0143 Tw (be broken. Have students compare their versions of the poem to the)Tj T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0159 Tw [(original, and have them hypothesize about why Rich broke the lines)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (where she did.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 316.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 118.4691 316.8796 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0093 Tw [(In Diving into the W)39(r)0.1(eck Rich uses the underwater exploration)]TJ -2.4291 -1.2973 TD 0.0195 Tw (of a shipwreck as a metaphor for the exploration of the self or uncon-)Tj T* -0.036 Tw (scious. Like many of her poems, this work seems to be about the strug-)Tj T* 0.0026 Tw [(gle to form an identity)111.3(. Ask students to paraphrase the poem, thinking)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(particularly about Rich)72.1(s use of the first person and the symbol of the)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.0164 Tw [(diver)111.2(. What are the main points about identity in this poem? Is Rich)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0013 Tw (making an argument here? Then, ask students to consider the speaker)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.184 Tw [(in some of Rich)72.2(s other poems, like T)94.7(ranscendental Etude and)]TJ T* 0.1432 Tw [(Snapshots of a Daughter)72.3(-in-Law)94.7(. How do the speakers in these)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.0136 Tw [(poems dif)16.7(fer? What is Rich saying about identity here? This activity)]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0079 Tw (should help students discover that women are not neatly packaged,)Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(unified selves, as often imagined by patriarchal society; Rich)72.1(s poetry)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (gives voice to an often-fractured sense of self.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 142.8797 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 124.8796 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1958 0 TD 0.0136 Tw [(Snapshots of a Daughter)72.2(-in-Law is filled with allu-)]TJ -6.8985 -1.2973 TD 0.0194 Tw (sions, but one of the most telling is the quotation in section 7 from)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 450.7327 60.9958 Tm 0.4294 Tc 0 Tw (ADRIENNE RICH)Tj /F1 1 Tf 16.5911 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (17)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 72 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Length 8678 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0958 Tw [(Mary W)55.6(ollstonecraft, an early feminist who fought for equality )]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.1078 Tw [(and suf)16.8(frage at the turn of the eighteenth century)111.4(. What is the )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0078 Tw (significance of this allusion? Why does Rich refer to this early fem-)Tj T* 0 Tw (inist?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0098 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3492 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0184 Tw (Postmodern poets often pay particular attention to)Tj -7.0519 -1.2973 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0176 Tw [(the way the poem looks on the page. Look at Rich)72(s Power)111.2(. Why)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0256 Tw [(does she choose to space the words as she does? What is the ef)16.8(fect)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0025 Tw (on the reader? How do her formal choices shape our reading of the)Tj T* 0 Tw (content?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.8015 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2653 Tw (Rich appropriates lines from Emily Dickinson )Tj -7.5042 -1.2973 TD 0.0884 Tw (and John Donne in her poems I Am in DangerSir and A)Tj T* 0.1263 Tw [(V)72.3(alediction Forbidding Mourning. Why does she invoke these)]TJ T* 0.1331 Tw [(poets? Is she claiming to be similar to or dif)16.9(ferent from these)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0137 Tw [(authors? How do the titles af)16.8(fect our expectations as readers? What)]TJ T* 0 Tw (significance do these literary allusions hold?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.5817 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0939 Tw (The transcendental poets were interested in connections)Tj -3.2844 -1.2973 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(between spirituality and nature. How does Rich)72.2(s T)94.6(ranscendental)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2144 Tw [(Etude fit into this context? How does her poem dif)16.9(fer from)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Snyder)72.3(s)0( The Blue Sky?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.5338 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.046 Tw (As an active feminist, Rich was interested in raising con-)Tj -3.2365 -1.2973 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw [(sciousness about all kinds of women)72.2(s issues, from sexual freedom)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.123 Tw (to emancipation from the domestic sphere. How might Snap-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0355 Tw [(shots of a Daughter)72.2(-in-Law be viewed as a feminist, consciousness-)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(raising poem? What symbols are characteristic of feminist poetry?)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (How does Rich represent the female body in this work?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.2532 0 TD -0.0227 Tw [(Compare the form of Storm W)55.6(a)0.2(rnings with that of Power)111.3(.)]TJ -2.9559 -1.2973 TD -0.033 Tw [(How has Rich)72.2(s work changed from the early poem, written in 1951,)]TJ T* 0 Tw (to the later 1974 poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0097 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.5336 0 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0185 Tw [(During the first and second waves of feminism, female)]TJ -5.2363 -1.2973 TD 0.0078 Tc 0.0198 Tw [(poets mined the resources of Greek and non-W)55.6(estern mythologies)]TJ T* 0.0102 Tc 0.0174 Tw [(for ways to rewrite cultural history)111.4(.)0( What mythological figures do)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0606 Tw (poets like H.D. \(Hilda Doolittle\) use to tell their stories? Which)Tj T* 0.0146 Tw (mythological figures do Rich and her cohort \(Sylvia Plath, Anne)Tj T* 0.0118 Tw (Sexton, and Audre Lorde\) choose? What power does using these)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(figures add to Rich)72.2(s work?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0214 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.674 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.0076 Tw [(The women)72.1(s movement brought myriad issues to the)]TJ -5.3767 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.053 Tw (forefront and gave women the vocabulary and forum to discuss)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(their experiences honestly)111.1(. For instance, the dif)16.6(ficult and frustrat-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0131 Tw (ing sides of mothering and marriage became topics of conversa-)Tj T* 0.0564 Tw (tion. Many of the female poets in this unit reflect this liberated)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (atmosphere as they explore the experience of motherhood and)Tj T* 0.0798 Tw [(childbearing with candor and objectivity)111.4(. Compare some of the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0176 Tw [(poems about motherhood written by Sexton \(Little Girl, My String)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.061 Tw [(Bean, My Lovely W)55.6(oman\), Lorde \(The W)55.6(oman Thing, Black)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(Mother W)55.5(oman\), and Plath \(Morning Song\). How do they repre-)]TJ T* 0.0139 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(sent mothering? What is new about this poetry? What seems sur-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (prising?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0195 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.6523 0 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.0094 Tw (Adrienne Rich has said that poetry must consciously)Tj -5.355 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0235 Tw (situate itself amid political conditions. How does her poetry reflect)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 691.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw (RICH WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([1617])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 674.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Emily Dickinson)Tj /F17 1 Tf -8.6922 -1.2353 TD (\(n.d.\), courtesy of Amherst College)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Library)88(. P)55.6(ortrait of Emily Dickinson)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(\(1830)-115.5(1886\) sitting at table. Until)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(recently)87.9(, this was the only known image)]TJ T* (of Dickinson, a recluse who rarely left)Tj T* (her home in Amherst, Massachusetts.)Tj T* (Dickinson influenced many twentieth-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (century poets, including Sylvia Plath and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Adrienne Rich.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 569.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([4312])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 569.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(A)-18.5(drienne Rich)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1975\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* 0 Tc [(Congress [LC)-22.9(-USZ62-103575]. A femi-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (nist poet and activist, Rich challenges)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (assumptions of gender and sexuality in)Tj T* (her work and questions the nature of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(power)101.9(. In Planetarium, she writes, I)]TJ T* 0 Tw (am an instrument in the shape / of a)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (woman trying to translate pulsations /)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (into images for the relief of the body /)Tj T* (and the reconstruction of the mind.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 454.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6932])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 454.459 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Student Mobilization Committee)Tj -3.2613 -1.2353 TD [(to End the W)55.5(ar in S)18.4(.)0(E)-18.5(.)-0.2( Asia, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 11.7324 0 TD -0.0005 Tc [(P)37.2(ull Him)]TJ -11.7324 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Out Now: Join with the Hundreds and)Tj T* [(Thousands of Students, GIs, W)55.5(omen,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Unionists, P)36.9(uerto Ricans, Gay P)55.5(eople . . .)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(c. 1970\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Congress. P)55.5(olitical poster protesting U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc (military involvement in Vietnam. The)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (antiwar movement linked and encour-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (aged a number of other movements,)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (including the civil rights movement, the)Tj T* (Chicano movement, and the farm work-)Tj T* (ers movement. Many American poets)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(protested the war)101.8(, including Adrienne)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(Rich, R)18.4(obert L)18.4(owell, and Allen Ginsberg)18.4(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 296.9591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7361])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 296.9591 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(ietnam W)55.5(a)0.7(r)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc [(P)37.4(rotesters)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 4.2073 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1967\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.2073 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Administration [NRE)-18.4(-21-KANSWICHCR)27.7(-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(CR928-)55.6(WICH1895]. W)18.5(ichita, K)18.5(ansas,)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(protest against the Vietnam W)55.4(a)0.7(r)101.8(.)-0.2( Antiwar)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (protests were major cultural events in)Tj T* (the 1960s and early 1970s. Many writ-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (ers and artists participated, including)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Adrienne Rich, whose work became)Tj T* (more explicitly political during this time.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (18)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 75 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 5047 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 108 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0106 Tc 0.0171 Tw [(this idea? How might this statement be seen as descriptive of this)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(period of poetry more generally? How does Rich)72.2(s stance on poetry)]TJ T* 0.0121 Tc 0.0155 Tw (and politics compare to that of other writers in this unit, particu-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (larly Baraka and the Beats?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD (Gary Snyder \(b. 1930\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.0224 Tw (Gary Snyder was raised on a dairy farm in the Pacific Northwest. He)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(graduated with a B.A. in anthropology from Reed College and worked)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0262 Tw (as a logger in the Pacific Northwest before going to Berkeley to study)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0392 Tw [(Asian languages from 1953 to 1956. During this time, he also met Allen)]TJ T* -0.0046 Tw (Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and many of the other writers identified with)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw (the Beat movement. After spending three years in California, Snyder)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1262 Tw (moved to Japan for roughly eight years. Although he returned to)Tj T* 0.0274 Tw [(America briefly to teach at Berkeley)111.4(, he returned to Japan to study)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Buddhism, an experience that deeply influenced his poetry)111.4(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.0229 Tw (As his life suggests, Snyder is fascinated by travel and ancient cul-)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(tures, and the metaphor of the journey appears often in his poetry)111.4(. )]TJ T* 0.0545 Tw (His educational background in anthropology also)Tj T* 0.332 Tw [(shapes his investigation of rituals and history)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tw [(Snyder)72.3(s)0( training in Zen Buddhism seems to unite)]TJ T* 0.3529 Tw (his interest in foreign cultures, ancient ritual, )Tj T* 0.0206 Tw (and the serenity of nature; Asian influences in his)Tj T* 0.0767 Tw [(work align him with Pound and W)39.1(illiams. Unlike)]TJ T* 0.0811 Tw (Romantic poets, who used nature to mirror their)Tj T* 0.0918 Tw (emotions, Snyder does not use natural images to)Tj T* 0.0069 Tc 0.0207 Tw (reflect his inner feelings, but rather appreciates the)Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.0216 Tw [(serene otherness of nature. Experimental language,)]TJ T* 0.0155 Tc 0.0122 Tw (conversational diction, unconventional line breaks)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2159 Tw (and visual spacing, and abundant dialogue also)Tj T* 0.0551 Tw [(characterize Snyder)72.3(s poetry)111.4(.)0( The juxtaposition of)]TJ T* 0.2053 Tw (American landscapes, particularly of the Pacific)Tj T* 0.3306 Tw (Northwest, with Eastern images and allusions,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(makes Snyder)72.3(s poetry unique and powerful.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0328 Tw [(Like Robert Bly)111.3(, James W)39(right, and W)111.3(.)0( S. Merwin,)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0396 Tw (Gary Snyder turns to nature as an antidote to the)Tj T* 0.0105 Tc 0.0172 Tw [(problems of modernization and industrialized civi-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0182 Tw (lization. His poetry celebrates the Pacific Northwest)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1045 Tw (as an alternative to the fast-paced modern world)Tj T* 0.0144 Tc 0.0132 Tw [(that seems impossibly separated from nature, sim-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(plicity)111.3(, and manual labor)111.2(. Snyder looks to the Amer)72.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2061 Tw (ican Indians and to ancient Buddhism out of a )Tj T* 0.0834 Tw (genuine desire to learn wisdom from these tradi-)Tj T* 0.1547 Tw (tions and rituals. Nature and meditation, he be-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0058 Tw [(lieves, are windows to the self. As might be expected, Snyder)72.3(s)0.1( interest)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0509 Tw (in nature and the Orient aligns him with imagism and Pound. His)Tj T* 0.0054 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(af)16.7(finity with nature led him to become active in the ecological move-)]TJ T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0186 Tw [(ment, and his own lifestyle, which included growing his own vegeta-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0276 Tw [(bles, cutting wood, and hunting, made him virtually independent from)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 165.4797 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7377])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 165.4797 Tm -0.0002 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(L)18.3(ee R)18.4(ussell, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 5.0076 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Grant County)88(,)]TJ -8.6867 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Oregon. Malheur National F)36.9(orest.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.5(umberjack Hitching Cable on L)18.4(og which)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(W)37.4(ill Be L)18.5(oaded onto T)102(rucks)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.3941 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1942\),)Tj -11.3941 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of the Library of Congress )Tj T* 0 Tc [([LC)-22.9(-USF34-073482-D DLC].)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 461.7583 60.9958 Tm 0.4295 Tc [(GAR)18.7(Y SNYDER)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 14.7535 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (19)Tj ET 1 g 332 474 228 -294 re 558.5 60.996 m f* Q q 1 i 332 474 228 -294 re W* n q 228.0028 0 0 293.9514 332 180.0486 cm /Im5 Do Q Q endstream endobj 78 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im5 79 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Length 9399 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(modern civilization. Snyder has published numerous books of poetry)111.4(,)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.0206 Tw [(as well as many translations of ancient and modern Japanese poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (In 1975, he received the Pulitzer Prize.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 634.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIP)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 616.8796 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.9297 616.8796 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.2511 Tw [(Gary Snyder)72.3(s)0( poetry is deeply concerned with nature and )]TJ -2.4789 -1.2973 TD 0.0177 Tc 0.0099 Tw [(with creating a visual picture of landscapes. Ask several students to)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0129 Tw [(come to the chalkboard and draw what they see in a poem \(Riprap)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0105 Tw [(works well\). How do the drawings dif)16.8(fer? What have students left out?)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0523 Tw (How closely does their memory of the poem resemble the original)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (text?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 526.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 508.8797 Tm 0.0089 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3362 0 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0193 Tw (Poets often refer to their literary ancestors, usually)Tj -7.0389 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0044 Tw (to align themselves with a particular tradition or to provide context)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1118 Tw (for their work. Why does Snyder refer to Milton in Milton by)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Firelight?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1694 0 TD -0.0128 Tw (Snyder uses quotation marks in a curious manner in)Tj -6.8721 -1.2973 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.0237 Tw [(Beneath My Hand and Eye the Distant Hills. Y)94.5(our Body)111.1(. What is)]TJ T* 0.0046 Tc 0.0231 Tw [(the ef)16.7(fect of the unconventional grammar and syntax? What is the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0252 Tw (purpose of the spacing, line breaks, and other visual techniques on)Tj T* 0 Tw (the page?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6897 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1533 Tw [(What is the speaker)72.3(s attitude toward nature in)]TJ -7.3924 -1.2973 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.0238 Tw [(Ripples on the Surface? What is the ef)16.9(fect of the unconventional)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (punctuation toward the end of the poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0011 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3138 0 TD 0.0266 Tw [(How would you describe Snyder)72.2(s treatment of nature in his)]TJ -3.0165 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0499 Tw (work? How does he broaden our concept of the American land-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (scape?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.019 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4568 0 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0098 Tw [(Snyder)72.3(s)0( poetry rarely confronts political and social issues)]TJ -3.1595 -1.2973 TD 0.007 Tc 0.0207 Tw [(like V)55.5(ietnam or civil rights. Why do you think he chooses to avoid)]TJ T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0179 Tw (these hot-button issues? Are there ways in which his poetry could)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (be described as politically and socially radical?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.5424 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0547 Tw [(The figure of Kokopelli, the ancient Hopi god of fertility)111.2(,)]TJ -3.2451 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0247 Tw [(appears frequently in Snyder)72.2(s)0( poetry)111.3(.)-0.1( What might Snyder)72.2(s)0( purpose)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (be in using Kokopelli, particularly in The Blue Sky?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.87 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1751 Tw [(The Blue Sky seems to unite Snyder)72.3(s interest in)]TJ -5.5727 -1.2973 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0183 Tw [(Buddhism, India, and Native American culture. What is the ef)16.7(fect)]TJ T* 0.0164 Tc 0.0113 Tw (of blending all these influences? How do the unconventional line)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(breaks af)16.8(fect the meaning of the poem?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.056 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.3611 Tw [(Snyder)72.3(s)0.1( reverence for physical labor aligns him )]TJ -5.7587 -1.2973 TD 0.1956 Tw [(with Robert Frost. Compare Snyder)72.3(s)0( Milton by Firelight to)]TJ T* 0.0629 Tw [(Frost)72.2(s Mowing or After Apple-Picking. What do these poets)]TJ T* 0.2274 Tw (share in technique and theme? Where do they diverge? How )Tj T* 0.0157 Tc 0.0119 Tw [(does this respect for work and the outdoors connect to American)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (identity?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.9262 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2313 Tw [(Snyder)72.3(s)0( interest in the Far East, particularly Zen)]TJ -5.6289 -1.2973 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.0206 Tw [(Buddhism, along with his knowledge of the Chinese language and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1212 Tw (culture, connect him to the high modernists, particularly Ezra)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 691.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc -0.0001 Tw (SNYDER WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([4999])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 674.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)18.3(,)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(T)46.2(imothy L)18.5(eary)88(, and R)18.5(alph Metzer \(L)18.5(eft to)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Right\) Standing in F)55.6(ront of a T)120.5(en F)37(oot)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Plaster Buddha)Tj /F17 1 Tf 6.4563 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1965\), courtesy of the)Tj -6.4563 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* (119239]. Beats preparing for a psy-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(chedelic celebration)55.4( at the Village)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(Theater in New Y)111.1(ork City)87.9(. Beat writers)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (looked to Eastern religions and tradi-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(tions, finding European-)18.4(American cul-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(ture and religions empty of meaning)18.3(.)]TJ T* [(See Ginsbergs poem Sunflower Sutra)36.8()]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(\(sutra)36.9( is Sanskrit for thread and)]TJ T* (refers to Buddhist religious texts\).)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 527.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7126])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 527.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Eisen, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 2.718 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Asakusa T)120.3(emple in W)36.8(inter)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -5.9793 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(c. 1810\), courtesy of the print collection)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(of Connecticut College. )41.6(One must)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(have a mind of winter / T)120.3(o)0.1( regard the)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(frost and the boughs / Of the pine)-18.6(-trees)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(crusted with snow;W)55.5(allace Stevens,)]TJ T* [()-18.7(The Snow Man)55.5( \(1931\). Japanese)]TJ T* (woodcut of temple in wooded winter)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (scene. Modernist poets were drawn to)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Asian religious and artistic themes, par-)Tj T* (ticularly emphasizing simplicity and)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc (nature.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 401.9591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7377])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 401.9591 Tm -0.0002 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(L)18.3(ee R)18.4(ussell, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 5.0076 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Grant County)88(,)]TJ -8.2689 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Oregon. Malheur National F)36.9(orest.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.5(umberjack Hitching Cable on L)18.4(og which)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(W)37.4(ill Be L)18.5(oaded onto T)102(rucks)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.394 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1942\),)Tj -11.394 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(USF34-073482-D DLC]. P)18.5(icture of a)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(P)55.5(acific Northwest lumberjack. Beat poet)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(Gary Snyder went to R)18.3(eed College in)]TJ T* [(P)55.4(ortland, Oregon, and worked as a log-)]TJ T* (ger in between his undergraduate and)Tj T* [(graduate studies in anthropology)87.9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 286.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8110])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 286.4591 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Hopi, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 2.6011 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Crow Mother and P)55.6(olik)]TJ -5.8624 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Mana K)36.9(achina Carving)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 9.7905 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(c. 1940\), cour-)Tj -9.7905 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(tesy of the P)55.5(o)0.1(rtland Art Museum,)]TJ T* (Elizabeth Cole Butler Collection.)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(K)18.3(achina is a P)36.8(ueblo word meaning)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(spirit father)-41.7( or )-18.5(life. K)18.4(achinas are)]TJ T* 0 Tw (divine spirits who personify aspects of)Tj T* [(nature such as clouds, sky)88(, storms, and)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(trees. P)55.4(aula Gunn Allen)55.4(s \(L)18.3(aguna)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(P)36.9(ueblo\) retelling of a Y)111.2(e)-0.1(llow W)55.5(oman)]TJ T* 0 Tw (story features a kachina. The Hopi will)Tj T* (make kachina dolls for tourists, but Zuni)Tj T* (kachina dolls are not sold. These dolls)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (are made from cottonwood, paint, and)Tj T* (feathers.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 128.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8119])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 128.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(P)55.5(omo T)101.9(ribe, Gift Baskets )]TJ -3.2613 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(\(c. 1900)-115.5(1940\), courtesy of P)55.6(ortland)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Art Museum, Elizabeth Cole Butler)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (20)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 82 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Length 6275 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 108 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0071 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(Pound. Snyder)72.2(s)0( concrete, economical imagery is also reminiscent)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0398 Tw [(of imagism. How does Snyder)72.3(s)0( work both continue and revise these)]TJ T* 0 Tw (central themes of modernist poetry?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD [(Sylvia Plath \(1932)-63(1963\))]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.0254 Tw [(Sylvia Plath spent most of her childhood in W)55.7(ellesley)111.3(, Massachusetts,)]TJ T* 0.0108 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(where she lived close to her maternal grandparents. Her father)111.2(, Otto)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0081 Tw [(Plath, was an entomology professor at Boston University)111.3(, where he)]TJ T* 0.0284 Tw (was known for his pioneering work on bumblebees. In 1940, when)Tj T* 0.0164 Tc 0.0113 Tw [(Plath was eight years old, her father died, which forced her mother)111.2(,)]TJ T* 0.0143 Tc 0.0133 Tw [(Aurelia, to enter the workforce. Despite her ef)16.8(forts, however)111.3(, money)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0464 Tw (was tight in the Plath household. Even in light of these hardships,)Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.008 Tw (Plath was a precocious child who enjoyed writing, reading, and the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (outdoors.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.0081 Tw [(T)94.6(o)0( the outside world, Sylvia Plath seemed to represent the 1950s)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(ideal. T)94.6(all, slim, and outgoing, Plath made friends easily and excelled)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.02 Tw [(in extracurricular activities. Always a talented student, Plath attended)]TJ T* 0.0138 Tc 0.0139 Tw (prestigious Smith College on a scholarship, and she quickly became)Tj T* 0.0072 Tc 0.0204 Tw [(known on campus as a gifted writer)111.1(. Behind the social exterior)111.1(, how-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0135 Tw [(ever)111.2(, Plath was a perfectionist, whose drive for success proved intense.)]TJ T* 0.0219 Tc 0.0058 Tw (She enjoyed many accolades, placing fiction in national magazines)Tj T* 0.015 Tc 0.0127 Tw (and winning first prize in the )Tj /F8 1 Tf 14.3578 0 TD 0 Tw (Mademoiselle)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.6147 0 TD 0.0127 Tw (Fiction Contest in 1952.)Tj -20.9724 -1.2973 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.0238 Tw [(Despite her success, Plath suf)16.7(fered from depression, and after her ju-)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.0267 Tw (nior year at Smith, she attempted suicide, an experience that appears)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0192 Tw (metaphorically in her later poems. After graduating )Tj /F8 1 Tf 24.0284 0 TD (summa cum laude)Tj /F7 1 Tf -24.0284 -1.2973 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.0254 Tw (from Smith, she won a Fulbright to study at Cambridge University in)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.083 Tw [(England, where she met and married poet T)94.7(ed Hughes. Plath was)]TJ T* 0.018 Tc 0.0097 Tw [(instrumental in helping Hughes begin his successful writing career)111.2(,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.027 Tw [(and their influence on one another is notable. As Plath)72.3(s)0.1( poems about)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0328 Tw (domesticity and motherhood suggest, becoming a)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(wife and parent brought many dif)16.7(ficult issues to the)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0264 Tw (forefront of her life. Raised with 1950s middle-class)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0599 Tw (values, Plath struggled with the tensions between)Tj T* 0.031 Tw (those domestic ideals and her own feminism, and)Tj T* 0.0352 Tw (her poetry bears the mark of the conflict between)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0142 Tw [(her role as artist and her role as wife/mother)111.3(. Plath)72.2(s)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(struggle to represent women)72.2(s issues has earned her)]TJ T* 0.013 Tc 0.0146 Tw (an important place in feminism. Hughes and Plath)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0159 Tw (separated in the fall of 1962, and Plath was left to)Tj T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0125 Tw [(raise their two children alone. During what turned)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2216 Tw (out to be one of the coldest British winters on)Tj T* 0.0283 Tw [(record, Plath again suf)16.8(fered from depression, and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(she committed suicide at the age of thirty)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0206 Tw [(As a student in Robert Lowell)72.2(s writing workshop)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0162 Tc 0.0115 Tw (in the late 1950s, Plath met Anne Sexton, who was)Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0198 Tw [(to become an important influence on her poetry)111.4(.)0( Plath admired both)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0343 Tw [(Lowell)72.2(s and Sexton)72.2(s liberating verse, in which they tackled taboo sub-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tw (jects like mental illness, suicide, and family relationships with candor)Tj T* 0.0168 Tc 0.0108 Tw [(and intensity)111.2(. Known as confessional poetry)111.4(,)0( the verse pioneered by)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 416 689.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Collection. Baskets play important roles)Tj 0 -1.2353 TD (in spiritual and medicinal rituals. Mabel)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(McK)18.3(ay)87.9(, a P)55.4(omo weaver)101.8(, wove baskets)]TJ T* 0 Tw (under the guidance of a spirit who)Tj T* (taught her healing songs and imbued)Tj T* [(her baskets with spiritual power)101.8(. The)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(baskets here are made from willow)74(,)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (sedge root, dogbane, clam shell,)Tj T* (abalone shell, magnesite beads, and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (meadowlark, quail, bluebird, mallard,)Tj T* (oriole, and flicker feathers.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 461.0692 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(SYL)55.5(VIA PLA)55.6(TH)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 14.8683 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (21)Tj ET 1 g 332 329 228 -173 re 558.5 60.996 m f* Q q 1 i 332 329 228 -173 re W* n q 229.1429 0 0 174.4222 331.28 155.2979 cm /Im6 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 142.6797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([9154])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 142.6797 Tm 0 Tc [(U)60.4(.)0.3(S)18.6(.)0( Office of W)55.7(a)1(r)102.1(,)-0.2( )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.1147 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Housewife)Tj -11.7939 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(P)37.5(reparing Dinner in Compact Kitchen in)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Greenbelt, Maryland)Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.9358 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1942\), courtesy)Tj -8.9358 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(of the)-288.3(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc (94034].)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 85 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im6 86 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Length 5902 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(Sexton, Lowell, John Berryman, and Theodore Roethke exposed the)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0205 Tc 0.0072 Tw [(raw emotion and intimacy of personal experience. Although Plath)72(s)]TJ T* 0.0026 Tc 0.025 Tw (poetry is often described as confessional, her poetry proves less auto-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1256 Tw (biographical than that of her friends. While she often begins her)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0149 Tw (poems with what seems like autobiographical material, her genius lies)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0125 Tw [(in her ability to turn that autobiography into myth and metaphor)111.2(. One)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1518 Tw [(of the great metaphor)72.2(-makers of the century)111.4(, Plath uses brilliant)]TJ T* 0.0979 Tw (imagery to move her poetry far beyond the personal. In addition,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0359 Tw [(much of what reads like autobiographical detail in poems like Daddy)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0231 Tw (and Lady Lazarus is actually a dramatized performance based only)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (loosely on her own life.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Plath is best known for her last book of poems, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 23.2577 0 TD 0 Tw (Ariel)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.1847 0 TD 0.0139 Tw (, which was)Tj -26.7397 -1.2973 TD 0.0188 Tw (published posthumously in 1965. Most of the poems in the volume)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0121 Tw [(were written in the fall and winter of 1962)-111.3(63 in what appears to have)]TJ T* 0.0105 Tw [(been an amazingly creative period. W)39(riting during the blue hours of)]TJ T* 0.0034 Tc 0.0242 Tw (the morning, or between 4 )Tj 6.94 0 0 6.94 345.9235 508.8797 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (A)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 350.5834 508.8798 Tm (.)Tj 6.94 0 0 6.94 353.1859 508.8798 Tm (M)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 359.8985 508.8798 Tm 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw (. and 7 )Tj 6.94 0 0 6.94 392.3537 508.8798 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (A)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 397.0135 508.8798 Tm (.)Tj 6.94 0 0 6.94 399.616 508.8798 Tm (M)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 406.3286 508.8798 Tm 0.0034 Tc 0.0242 Tw (. before her children awoke,)Tj -19.2788 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0355 Tw (Plath penned her finest work, characterized by a distinctive poetic)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0378 Tw [(voice, daring subject matter)111.3(, colloquial diction, and brilliant metaphor)111.3(.)]TJ T* 0.0148 Tw (Plath told friend and critic A. Alvarez that these poems were meant to)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0052 Tw (be heard rather than read, and the cooing rhymes of Daddy and rep-)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0258 Tw (etition in The Applicant capture this sentiment. Although Plath had)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0059 Tw (carefully arranged the sequence of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 16.1892 0 TD 0 Tw (Ariel)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.3454 0 TD -0.0059 Tw [(before her death, T)94.6(ed Hughes,)]TJ -18.5347 -1.2973 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.019 Tw (the executor of her estate, rearranged the material, leaving out some)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.041 Tw [(of the more aggressive poems. He has been widely criticized for what)]TJ T* 0.0153 Tc 0.0123 Tw [(many readers and critics consider the mismanagement of her work.)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0623 Tw [(Plath)72.2(s journals and letters were later published, and her )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 28.2187 0 TD 0 Tw (Collected)Tj -28.2187 -1.2973 TD 0.0024 Tc (Poems)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.2799 0 TD 0.0253 Tw [(won the Pulitzer Prize in 1981. She also wrote dozens of short)]TJ -3.2799 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0015 Tw (stories, a semi-autobiographical novel, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 18.168 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (The Bell Jar)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.26 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0014 Tw [(, and two children)72.2(s)]TJ -23.428 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw (books.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 322.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 304.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.4691 304.8796 Tm -0.0113 Tc -0.0228 Tw [(Students often have dif)16.7(f)0(iculty separating the poet from the speaker)]TJ -2.4291 -1.2973 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.0094 Tw [(in Plath)72.1(s poems. A productive discussion of Plath)72.1(s work must con-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0226 Tw (sider her relationship to confessional poetry and the place of biog-)Tj T* 0.0205 Tc 0.0071 Tw (raphy within that context. While it is indisputable that Plath draws )Tj T* 0.0142 Tc 0.0134 Tw (on her personal life in her poems, many of the details are purposely)Tj T* 0.0135 Tc 0.0141 Tw [(exaggerated or misrepresented. In other words, biography is often a)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.006 Tw [(starting place, but Plath)72.2(s genius lies in the ability to transform the)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0256 Tw [(personal into something more general, or as some readers and critics)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (have put it, into something mythical.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 196.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.4935 196.8796 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.0267 Tw (Introduce your students to the idea of a dramatic monologue by)Tj -2.4317 -1.2973 TD 0.003 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(having them read Emily Dickinson)72.1(s I heard a fly buzz when I died.)]TJ T* 0.0194 Tc 0.0082 Tw [(How does the speaker in Plath)72(s Daddy perform in a similar man-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0173 Tw [(ner? How might this also be read as a dramatic monologue? T)94.8(ry to)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(avoid discussion of sensationalized stories about the poet)72.2(s life.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 136.8797 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.7205 136.8797 Tm 0.012 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(Readers often overlook the wit and cleverness in Plath)72.2(s poetry)111.4(.)]TJ -2.4563 -1.2973 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(Often quite funny and refreshingly honest, Plath is one of the great)]TJ T* 0.0197 Tc 0.0079 Tw [(metaphor)72.1(-makers in modern poetry)111.3(.)-0.1( Begin your study of Plath with)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (22)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 89 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Length 9313 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0116 Tc 0.016 Tw (poems like Morning Song and Child, which show the tender and)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0196 Tw [(witty side of Plath as she writes about the wonder)111.2(, joy)111.3(, confusion, and)]TJ T* 0 Tw (fear of motherhood.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 634.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 616.8796 Tm 0.0093 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3421 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(Plath)72.1(s poems about motherhood are often surpris-)]TJ -7.0448 -1.2973 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0185 Tw [(ing for their objectivity)111.2(. In Morning Song, why does the speaker)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0478 Tw (say Im no more your mother . . .? What does she mean here?)Tj T* 0.0078 Tw (What is the significance of the image of the museum? How does)Tj T* 0.0203 Tc 0.0074 Tw (this mother feel toward her new infant? Does the tone change in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1628 0 TD -0.0193 Tw [(Like many of Plath)72.2(s poems, Lady Lazarus begins )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 23.3438 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (in)Tj -30.2094 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0179 Tw (medias res)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.7748 0 TD [(, or in the middle. In other words, the reader does not)]TJ -4.7748 -1.2973 TD 0.0205 Tc 0.0072 Tw (immediately understand the context or situation of the poem. In)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1122 Tw (Lady Lazarus the speaker announces, I have done it again.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (What is the )Tj /F8 1 Tf 5.5544 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (it)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0.6477 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (? Who is the peanut-crunching crowd?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -7.4995 -1.2973 TD 0.0094 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.343 0 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0189 Tw (Authors carefully consider their titles, often choos-)Tj -7.0457 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0112 Tw (ing them to set the tone of the work. Why do you think Plath chose)Tj T* 0.0105 Tc 0.0171 Tw [(the title Daddy? Why didn)39(t she use Father)111.2(, or some other epi-)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tc 0.0214 Tw (thet, instead? What tone does this create? How does it fit with the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (content of the poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3003 0 TD 0.0244 Tw [(What is the tone of The Applicant? Who is the speaker? T)94.7(o)]TJ -3.003 -1.2973 TD 0.012 Tc 0.0157 Tw (whom is he or she speaking? What is the role of repetition in this)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (poem? How might this poem be connected to 1950s culture?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0025 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3249 0 TD 0.0252 Tw [(Like other feminist works, Plath)72.2(s poetry frequently uses the)]TJ -3.0276 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.204 Tw [(symbol of the body)111.3(. How does the body in poems like Lady)]TJ T* 0.0507 Tw (Lazarus or Metaphors compare to that by other poets in this)Tj T* 0.0207 Tw [(unit? Y)94.7(ou might consider Audre Lorde)72.2(s Black Mother W)55.6(o)0(man)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(and Lorna Dee Cervantes)72.2(s The Body as Braille.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.2467 0 TD -0.0291 Tw [(Many of Plath)72.2(s poems seem to engage the theme of transcen-)]TJ -2.9494 -1.2973 TD -0.0041 Tw (dence; often, the speaker leaves or sheds the physical body \(the end)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(of Lady Lazarus is a good example\); and frequently)111.2(, her speakers)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1098 Tw (commune with nature in interesting ways. Ariel is ostensibly)Tj T* 0.0037 Tc 0.024 Tw [(about the speaker)72.3(s)0( ride on a horse, but it seems to take on mythic)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.0207 Tw (qualities by the end of the poem. Is the ride a metaphor for some-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.017 Tw [(thing else? What images seem particularly strange or unique? What)]TJ T* -0.0119 Tw [(is the red / Eye, the cauldron of morning? How might this be con-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (sidered a poem of transcendence?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4168 0 TD 0.0277 Tw [(The cultural critic Theodor Adorno was famous for say-)]TJ -5.1195 -1.2973 TD -0.0363 Tw [(ing that there could be no poetry after Auschwitz, and indeed, many)]TJ T* -0.0107 Tw (poets remained silent on the subject for many years. Plath has been)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2795 Tw (widely criticized for her use of Holocaust imagery in Lady)Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(Lazarus and Daddy)111.1(. Why do you think she uses these images?)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1706 Tw [(What is the ef)16.8(fect of the references to the Holocaust in these)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (poems?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0093 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.529 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.019 Tw (Sylvia Plath has become an icon in feminism since her)Tj -5.2317 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1095 Tw (death in 1963. Some people argue that her sensationalized life)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0117 Tw (accounts for her large following, but other critics and readers agree)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 416 691.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw [(PLA)41.6(TH WEB ARCHIVE)]TJ 7 0 0 7 416 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([1617])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 674.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Emily Dickinson)Tj /F17 1 Tf -8.6922 -1.2353 TD (\(n.d.\), courtesy of Amherst College)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Library)88(. P)55.6(ortrait of Emily Dickinson)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(\(1830)-115.5(1886\) sitting at table. Until)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(recently)87.9(, this was the only known image)]TJ T* 0 Tw (of Dickinson, a recluse who rarely left)Tj T* (her home in Amherst, Massachusetts.)Tj T* (Dickinson influenced many twentieth-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (century poets, including Sylvia Plath and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Adrienne Rich.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 569.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([9153])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 569.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(F)55.4(red P)55.4(alumbo, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.2898 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Betty F)55.6(riedan)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -9.5511 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (\(1960\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* 0 Tc [(Congress [LC)-22.9(-USZ62-115884]. In)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(1963, Betty F)55.4(riedan)55.4(s groundbreaking)]TJ /F18 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(F)36.6(eminine Mystique)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 7.9888 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (changed American)Tj -7.9888 -1.2353 TD (society by heightening awareness of)Tj T* (what she termed the problem that has)Tj T* (no name, the desperation that many)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (women felt, confined to their homes and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (families.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 464.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([9154])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 464.959 Tm 0 Tc [(U)60.4(.)0.3(S)18.6(.)0( Office of W)55.7(a)1(r)102.1(,)-0.2( )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.1147 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Housewife)Tj -11.376 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(P)37.5(reparing Dinner in Compact Kitchen in)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Greenbelt, Maryland )Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.9277 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1942\), courtesy)Tj -8.9277 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(of the Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(94034]. W)55.6(omen)55.6(s roles were largely)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (confined to homemaking until the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(women)55.6(s movement of the 1960s and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(1970s. P)55.6(oet Sylvia Plath)55.6(s work, much of)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (it published posthumously in the mid-)Tj T* (1960s, chronicles her struggle for a cre-)Tj T* (ative identity apart from the confines of)Tj T* [(domesticity)87.9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 338.9591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([9181])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 338.9591 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0004 Tc (Hitler)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.1968 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(, from )-18.5(The)]TJ -10.889 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Y)111.1(ear 1945 newsreel \(1946\), courtesy of)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(the National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* [(Administration. Sylvia Plath)55.5(s poetry)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(often draws on Holocaust imagery)87.9(. In)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(both L)18.3(ady L)18.3(azarus and Daddy)87.9(, Plath)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (identifies with the Jews who suffered)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (under Nazi rule. The speaker of)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(Daddy)-55.7( rails against the memory of a)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (father whose influence, even in death, is)Tj T* (oppressive. Plath writes: Not God but a)Tj T* (swastika / So black no sky could squeak)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (through.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 202.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([9182])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 202.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Jews F)55.6(reed from)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0 Tw (Concentration Camp)Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.6538 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(, from )-18.5(The Y)111.1(ear)]TJ -8.6538 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (1945 newsreel \(1946\), courtesy of the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Administration. In Plath)55.5(s poem)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(Daddy)87.8(, the speaker identifies with the)]TJ T* (plight of the Jews under the Nazi regime)Tj T* 0 Tw (and characterizes her father as a Nazi.)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Plath has been criticized for her use of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(Holocaust imagery)87.8(.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 461.0692 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(SYL)55.5(VIA PLA)55.6(TH)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 14.8683 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (23)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 93 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Length 7026 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(that her poetry appeals to a wide audience for dif)16.9(ferent reasons.)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(Perhaps one explanation is that Plath)72.3(s poetry often articulates the)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0355 Tw (struggle outlined by Betty Friedan in )Tj /F8 1 Tf 18.3706 0 TD (The Feminine Mystique)Tj /F7 1 Tf 11.107 0 TD 0.0354 Tw (. In)Tj -29.4776 -1.2973 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.0243 Tw [(other words, many of Plath)72.2(s speakers seem unhappy)111.2(, even desper-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(ate, in a domestic space that seems to of)16.7(fer few outlets for creative)]TJ T* 0.0024 Tc 0.0253 Tw (or intellectual expression. What other reasons can you point to for)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(Plath)72.2(s popularity among both scholars and general readers? How)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (does her work embody many of the concerns of feminism?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD [(Audre Lorde \(1934)-126(1992\))]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2014 Tw [(The daughter of W)55.6(est Indian parents, Audre Lorde was born in)]TJ T* 0.0488 Tw (Harlem. She graduated from Hunter College in 1961 and earned a)Tj T* 0.0118 Tw [(Masters in Library Science from Columbia University)111.3(. For the next)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0268 Tw [(decade, she worked as a librarian and teacher)111.4(. Lorde was also poet in)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0238 Tw [(residence at T)94.7(ougaloo College, Mississippi, and taught at a number of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0275 Tw [(colleges in New Y)94.5(ork City)111.2(. Although she is known primarily as a poet,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(her biomythography)111.2(, )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 10.8243 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Zami: A New Spelling of My Name)Tj /F7 1 Tf 15.8757 0 TD (\(1982\), is an)Tj -26.7 -1.2973 TD 0.0105 Tw (important and influential prose work that chronicles her life from her)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0229 Tw (childhood in Harlem to her coming out as a lesbian. In addition,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0325 Tw (Lorde recounts her battle with cancer in her poignant book )Tj /F8 1 Tf 27.4112 0 TD -0.0326 Tw (The Cancer)Tj -27.4112 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0 Tw (Journals)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3802 0 TD 0.0143 Tw [(\(1980\). These works, along with many of her poems, of)16.9(fer)]TJ -4.3802 -1.2973 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.0235 Tw [(Lorde)72.2(s readers personal glimpses into her life and experience, a trait)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0961 Tw (that aligns her with confessional writers like Adrienne Rich, with)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0337 Tw [(whom she enjoyed a long and artistically fruitful relationship, and also)]TJ T* 0 Tw (with Sylvia Plath.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0184 Tw (As Lorde has acknowledged, she is not an easy poet to categorize.)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1814 Tw [(Often associated with the Black Arts movement, her poetry)111.4(, like )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.014 Tw [(that of Amiri Baraka, is frequently fiercely political; rage and violence)]TJ T* 0.0122 Tc 0.0155 Tw (are not tempered in her verse. In many ways, though, her verse, like)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0246 Tw (that of Nikki Giovanni and June Jordan, falls into the feminist expan-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0924 Tw (sion of the Black Arts movement. In the late 1960s Lorde created)Tj T* 0.0174 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(poems like Coal and Black Mother W)55.7(oman that celebrate black-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0213 Tw (ness and seek to instill a sense of pride and self-love in the African)Tj T* 0.0856 Tw [(American community)111.3(. She draws inspiration from African history )]TJ T* 0.0877 Tw [(and myth, and many readers consider her best poetry to be those)]TJ T* 0.0111 Tw [(works that deal most closely with myth. Lorde)72.1(s poems are not just)]TJ T* 0.0671 Tw (directed at her own race; indeed, much of her work, often termed)Tj /F11 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0281 Tw (protest poetry)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.0637 0 TD 0.0264 Tw (, is laced with social criticism meant to call all readers)Tj -7.0637 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0443 Tw (to action. Poems like Chain, for example, originate from current)Tj T* 0.016 Tc 0.0117 Tw (events and their journalistic origins force readers to confront social)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.025 Tw [(travesties in modern society)111.3(. Known for her political commitment,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0107 Tw (Lorde is widely considered one of the most powerful and radical poets)Tj T* 0 Tw (of our time.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 142.8797 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIP)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 124.8796 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.6272 124.8796 Tm 0.0075 Tc 0.0202 Tw (Read within the context of the Black Arts movement, the politi-)Tj -2.4462 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1476 Tw [(cal undertones of Lorde)72.1(s poetry are clearly visible. The message)]TJ T* 0.047 Tw (Black Is Beautiful, one of the hallmarks of the movement, was a )Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 372.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([2254])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 97.2725 372.6797 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(Abbie R)18.3(owe, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 5.4797 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (March on)Tj -9.1588 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(W)55.9(ashington for Jobs and F)55.5(reedom)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc [(\(1963\), courtesy of the National P)55.6(ark)]TJ T* (Service, Historic Places of the Civil)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Rights Movement.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (24)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 500 144 -113 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 145.0643 0 0 114.263 65.48 386.2671 cm /Im7 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 66 264.459 Tm 0 g 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw (LORDE WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 66 247.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([2254])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.7212 247.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(Abbie R)18.3(owe, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 5.4797 0 TD 0 Tc (March on)Tj -8.741 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(W)55.9(ashington for Jobs and F)55.5(reedom)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc [(\(1963\), courtesy of the National P)55.6(ark)]TJ T* (Service, Historic Places of the Civil)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Rights Movement. Throughout the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (1950s and 1960s, many groups,)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (including African Americans seeking)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (greater equality and civil rights, used)Tj T* (marches and nonviolent protests to)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (make their voices heard. The sight of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (thousands of protesters marching in)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (front of the White House had a powerful)Tj T* (impact.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 111.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3042])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.7212 111.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Civil Rights)-288.3(March)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(on W)55.4(ashington)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 6.2087 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.5762 0 TD 0 Tc [(D)60.2(.C.)-288.1([A Y)92.8(oung W)55.7(oman)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 96 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F11 61 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im7 97 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 8931 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.0061 Tw (radical call for the black community to nurture itself and to recognize)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0548 Tw (its own self-worth. Using the archive, study the visual images that)Tj T* 0.0668 Tw [(reflect the idea that Black Is Beautiful. Alternatively)111.2(, instructors)]TJ T* 0.0661 Tw (could show the class representations of black Americans from the)Tj T* 0.2772 Tw [(early twentieth century)111.4(. Examples might include Aunt Jemima,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0165 Tw [(Bojangles, minstrel shows, Uncle Ben, and the lawn jockey)111.3(. In small)]TJ T* 0.0085 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(groups, students should consider each image, identify the stereotype)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0412 Tw (the image is based on, and explain how and why a poet like Lorde)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0095 Tw (chose to counter such derogatory stereotypes with her work. Is it easy)Tj T* 0.0134 Tc 0.0142 Tw [(for students to recognize the original stereotypes black writers were)]TJ T* 0.0073 Tc 0.0204 Tw (trying to challenge? If so, what does that suggest? If not, what might)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0276 Tw (that suggest? Then have your students read Coal. How does looking)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.039 Tw [(at the images in the archive change the way they read this poem? What)]TJ T* 0 Tw (new elements do they notice in the text?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 502.8797 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 484.8797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1998 0 TD 0.0176 Tw [(Lorde often writes about dif)16.8(ferences between gener-)]TJ -6.9025 -1.2973 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(ations, particularly of women. In Black Mother W)55.6(oman, what is)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0747 Tw [(the speaker)72.3(s)0.1( relationship to her mother? What has she learned)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0039 Tw (from her? What does this poem have to say about identity? What is)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the significance of the title?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.5425 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0063 Tw [(Many of Lorde)72.1(s poems explore the issue of being)]TJ -7.2452 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw [(black and female. Why does Lorde title a poem Coal? What is the)]TJ T* -0.0092 Tw [(ef)16.8(fect of isolating the pronoun I on the first line? What is the tone)]TJ T* -0.0225 Tw (of the poem? How does Lorde portray language in this poem? What)Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.0216 Tw (is she saying about words and their meanings? What is she saying)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (about blackness in this poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3006 0 TD 0.0246 Tw [(How is Lorde)72.2(s poetry a feminist response to Black Arts poe-)]TJ -3.0033 -1.2973 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.0113 Tw [(try)111.4(,)0( such as that by Baraka? Y)94.6(ou might compare Coal or Black)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.0164 Tw [(Mother W)55.5(oman with Baraka)72.1(s An Agony)111.2(. As Now)94.6(. and A Poem)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(for W)39(illie Best.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.02 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4647 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Audre Lorde talks about using poetry to break the silence.)Tj -3.1674 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0176 Tw [(How does her poetry push the boundaries of the genre)72.2(s)0.1( traditional)]TJ T* 0.002 Tc 0.0257 Tw (subject matter? How might that align her with confessional poets?)Tj T* 0.0116 Tc 0.016 Tw [(What dif)16.7(ferences do you see between her writing and that of con-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (fessional poets like Sexton and Plath?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0195 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.6514 0 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.0093 Tw [(Lorde)72.2(s poetry)111.4(,)0( like Baraka)72.2(s, often expresses rage and)]TJ -5.3541 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0058 Tw [(violence. Discuss Lorde)72.2(s intended audience. How might her poetry)]TJ T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0144 Tw [(af)16.7(fect dif)16.7(ferent groups of people? How does Lorde challenge con-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (ventional concepts of what it means to be an American?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.005 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4782 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(Lorde)72.1(s interest in African tradition, and particularly in)]TJ -5.1809 -1.2973 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0096 Tw (oral traditions, deeply influenced her work. How does oral tradi-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (tion manifest itself in her poems? How does her use of the oral tra-)Tj T* -0.0009 Tw (dition connect her to earlier African American writers, like those of)Tj T* 0.0139 Tw [(the Harlem Renaissance, or perhaps to authors of slave narratives?)]TJ T* 0 Tw (What techniques do these writers share?)Tj /F18 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 416 689.567 Tm (at the March with a Banner] )Tj /F17 1 Tf 11.7546 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1963\),)Tj -11.7546 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(courtesy of the Still P)18.4(icture Branch,)]TJ T* [(National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (Administration. Basic constitutional)Tj T* 0 Tw (rights were denied to African Americans)Tj T* (for well over the first 150 years of the)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (United Statess existence. I have come)Tj T* (to believe over and over again, poet)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Audre L)18.4(orde said, that what is most)]TJ T* (important to me must be spoken, made)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (verbal and shared, even at the risk of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (having it bruised or misunderstood.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 563.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5460])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 563.567 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Courier Lithograph Company)87.9(,)]TJ /F18 1 Tf -3.2613 -1.2353 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Uncle T)120.6(o)-0.1(m)55.7(s CabinOn the L)18.6(evee)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc (\(1899\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Congress, P)36.8(rints and Photographs)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(Division, Theatrical P)55.5(oster Collection)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [([POS)-32.3(-)92.5(TH-1899.U53, no. 3]. P)55.6(oster for a)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (theater production showing happy slaves)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(dancing)18.4(. P)55.5(ostCivil W)55.5(a)0.1(r Uncle T)120.4(o)-0.4(m)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Shows were often performed by whites in)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (blackface. By presenting blacks as sub-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (servient, without physical, intellectual,)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(moral, or sexual power)101.9(, such shows)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(gave the term Uncle T)120.3(o)-0.5(m)55.4()-0.1( its current)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(derogatory meaning)18.2(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 416.5669 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6237])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 416.5669 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Gemini Rising)18.5(, Inc., )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.4441 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Clenched)Tj -11.7054 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(F)36.7(ist on R)18.5(ed, Green, and Black)]TJ T* (Background)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.207 0 TD (\(1971\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.207 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tw [(Library of Congress [LC)-23(-USZC4-4389].)]TJ T* 0 Tw (The Black Arts movement of the 1960s)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (and 1970s was closely related to the)Tj T* [(Black P)55.5(ower movement. L)18.3(eaders of the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc (Black Arts movement, such as Amiri)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc (Baraka, argued that ethics and aesthet-)Tj T* (ics were inextricably linked and that)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (black art ought to be politically focused)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(and community)18.3(-)-18.8(oriented.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 290.5669 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7138])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 290.5669 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Baraka\) L)18.4(eads the Black Arts P)55.5(arade)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Down 125th T)120.5(oward the Black Arts)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Theater R)18.5(epertory/School on 130th)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Street, New Y)92.7(ork City)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.9202 0 TD 0 Tw (\(1965\), courtesy of)Tj /F18 1 Tf -8.9202 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (The Liberator)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.4089 0 TD (. Influenced by civil rights)Tj -5.4089 -1.2353 TD (activism and black nationalism, Baraka)Tj T* (\(Jones\) and other African American)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (artists opened the Black Arts Theater in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Harlem in 1965.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 185.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7652])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 185.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Jim Crow Jubilee)Tj /F17 1 Tf -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0 Tw (\(1847\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Congress [LC)-23(-USZ62-37348]. Jim Crow)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (laws took their name from a character in)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (minstrel shows that featured racist)Tj T* 0 Tw (stereotypes about African Americans,)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (depicting them as lazy and as less intelli-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (gent than whites.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 461.7392 60.9958 Tm 0.4294 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(A)18.8(UDRE L)37.2(ORDE)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 14.7567 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (25)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 100 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 5473 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F19 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Amiri Baraka \(LeRoi Jones\) \(b. 1934\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0212 Tw [(Amiri Baraka was born Everett Leroy Jones in Newark, New Jersey)111.2(. A)]TJ T* -0.0195 Tw (creative child, he enjoyed cartooning and creative writing, particularly)Tj T* 0.0142 Tc 0.0134 Tw [(science fiction. Also gifted academically)111.1(, Jones graduated from high)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0069 Tw [(school two years early and attended Howard University)111.2(, where he was)]TJ T* -0.0191 Tw [(disappointed by what he saw as the school)72.1(s attempt to train black stu-)]TJ T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0092 Tw [(dents to be white. It was during his undergraduate years that Jones)]TJ T* 0.0087 Tc 0.019 Tw [(changed the spelling of his name to the more Africanized LeRoi. His)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0769 Tw (later stint in the U.S. Air Force as a weatherman and gunner also)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0158 Tw (proved demoralizing, as he realized the extent of white prejudice and,)Tj T* 0.0181 Tc 0.0095 Tw [(perhaps more disconcertingly)111.2(, the prevalence of the belief that mis-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0504 Tw (treatment of blacks was justified. These experiences surface in his)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0098 Tw (later writing. While a graduate student at Columbia, Jones knew some)Tj 8.4324 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.3075 Tw (of the Beat writers, with whom he shared an)Tj T* 0.0339 Tw (impulse toward living on the fringes of American)Tj T* 0.0192 Tc 0.0085 Tw [(society)111.3(. In the late 1950s, Jones was visible on the)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0464 Tw (literary scene; he and his first wife, Hettie Jones,)Tj T* 0 Tw (published )Tj /F8 1 Tf 5.1418 0 TD [(Y)73.9(ugen)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 2.8507 0 TD 0.0869 Tw (, a poetry magazine. In 1961, he)Tj -7.9924 -1.2973 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0115 Tw (helped start the American Theater for Poets. Until)Tj T* 0.0154 Tc 0.0123 Tw [(this point, Jones was known mostly for his poetry)111.4(,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0813 Tw (through which he sought a solution to racism in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(American society)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0043 Tw [(However)111.1(, after the assassination of Malcolm X in)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0306 Tw [(1965, Jones)72.2(s views changed dramatically)111.3(. From that)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3474 Tw (point on, Jones considered racial harmony in)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.018 Tw [(America impossible and urged blacks to find other)]TJ -8.4324 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0327 Tw [(alternatives. The 1960s proved a turning point in his art. Jones became)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2739 Tw [(increasingly interested in drama, and his most successful play)111.4(,)]TJ /F8 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.8499 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(, premiered on March 24, 1964, at the Cherry Lane Theatre)]TJ -4.8499 -1.2973 TD -0.0266 Tw [(in New Y)94.7(ork, with Jennifer W)55.6(est and Robert Hooks starring in the lead)]TJ T* 0 Tw (roles.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0438 Tw (As racial tensions heightened in the mid-1960s, Jones became a)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0189 Tc 0.0088 Tw [(committed activist, leaving his family to move to Harlem, where he)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0256 Tw (quickly became known as a black nationalist. His commitment to the)Tj T* 0.0159 Tc 0.0117 Tw (arts strengthened, and in 1965 he founded the Black Arts Repertory)Tj T* 0.0116 Tc 0.016 Tw [(Theater)111.2(, which produced militant drama meant for black audiences.)]TJ T* 0.0064 Tc 0.0212 Tw [(For Jones, art was a vehicle for political change, in particular for the)]TJ T* 0.0176 Tc 0.01 Tw (liberation of blacks. In 1967 Jones was arrested during the summer)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0176 Tw [(riots, but the charges against him were eventually dropped. In 1968 he)]TJ T* 0.0146 Tc 0.0131 Tw (founded the Black Community Development and Defense Organiza-)Tj T* 0.0084 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(tion. The members wore traditional African dress, conversed in both)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0219 Tw [(Swahili and English, and dedicated themselves to Islam. T)94.6(o)0.1( mark this)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0045 Tw (new political and spiritual transformation, Jones changed his name to)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1347 Tw (Imamu Amiri Baraka. His controversial and radical politics have)Tj T* 0.0188 Tc 0.0088 Tw [(earned him an important place in the black community)111.3(, and he has)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(been influential in developing relationships between black Americans)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0032 Tw [(and black Africans. Identified with the Black Arts movement, Baraka)72.2(s)]TJ T* 0.0111 Tc 0.0166 Tw (work is characterized by an angry voice that frequently calls for vio-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (lence as a means to achieve liberation for blacks.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 375.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6262])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 96.7725 375.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -9.11 -1.2353 TD (Baraka\), Allen Ginsberg and John Fles)Tj /F17 1 Tf T* (\(1959\), courtesy of the Department of)Tj T* (Special Collections, Stanford University)Tj T* (Libraries.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (26)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 1 g 66 534 228 -144 re 257.658 60.996 m f* Q q 227.6909 0 0 143.6401 66 390.3599 cm /Im8 Do Q endstream endobj 103 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im8 104 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 106 0 obj << /Length 9682 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 691.459 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 673.459 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 118.9297 673.459 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.0915 Tw (Choose one of the longer speeches in Scene II of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 24.648 0 TD 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.0277 0 TD 0 Tc (.)Tj -32.1546 -1.2973 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0184 Tw (Practice performing the excerpt. What choices have you made about)Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0199 Tw (delivery? What have you chosen to emphasize? Why? What gestures,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (pauses, or inflections make sense to you? Why?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108 625.459 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 118.8438 625.459 Tm 0.018 Tc 0.0097 Tw [(Baraka)72.2(s work has been controversial because it often calls for)]TJ -2.4696 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1032 Tw (violence. Whether or not readers accept the anger and vengeance)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0188 Tw [(expressed in these works, it seems important to talk about audience.)]TJ T* 0.0107 Tc 0.017 Tw [(Have students imagine that they have been asked to do the publicity)]TJ T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0198 Tw (for a production of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 9.3106 0 TD 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.913 0 TD 0.0199 Tw [(. Whom do they imagine attending the)]TJ -14.2236 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0664 Tw (play? What text would be on the flyers and in the program notes?)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0025 Tw (Whom is Baraka trying to reach? Why does he feel violence and anger)Tj T* 0.0081 Tc 0.0195 Tw [(are successful tools? How have dif)16.7(ferent groups of people responded)]TJ T* 0.0055 Tc 0.0221 Tw [(to his work? Does his militancy af)16.9(fect his credibility as a thinker and)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (artist?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 491.4591 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 473.4591 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1873 0 TD 0.0052 Tw (Why does Baraka choose the subway as a setting for)Tj /F8 1 Tf -6.89 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.8498 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (? What is significant about his choice?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -6.1471 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6052 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.069 Tw [(W)55.5(e)0.1(re you surprised by the ending of )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 18.3186 0 TD 0 Tw (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.0277 0 TD 0 Tc (?)Tj -30.6542 -1.2973 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0275 Tw (Why do you think Baraka chose to end the play this way? What do)Tj T* 0.0016 Tc 0.026 Tw [(you take away from the play? How might it be read as a politically)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (charged drama?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1771 0 TD -0.0051 Tw [(In A Poem for W)39(illie Best, who is W)39(illie Best? Why)]TJ -6.8798 -1.2973 TD 0.0251 Tw [(did Baraka dedicate a poem to him? Baraka uses numerous paren-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.027 Tw [(theses in this poem. What is the ef)16.8(fect of this stylistic choice? Why)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (are some of the parentheses left open?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0071 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3614 0 TD 0.0066 Tc 0.0211 Tw (Both Amiri Baraka and Langston Hughes wrote with politi-)Tj -3.0641 -1.2973 TD 0.0173 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(cal agendas, though Baraka)72.2(s philosophy tended to be more mili-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0247 Tw [(tant and separatist than Hughes)72.2(s. Both poets also wrote about both)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1145 Tw [(the average black man and the black artist. Compare Hughes)72.2(s)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0229 Tw [(Note on Commercial Theatre, The W)55.6(eary Blues, and Song for a)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0233 Tw [(Dark Girl to Baraka)72.2(s A Poem for W)39(illie Best, a poem about a)]TJ T* 0.0037 Tc 0.024 Tw [(black character actor)111.3(. What techniques do these poets share? How)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(are their works dif)16.8(ferent?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3578 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0304 Tw (Using drama as a way to incite public action is not a new)Tj -5.0605 -1.2973 TD 0.0243 Tw [(concept. Indeed, in 1907, John M. Synge)72.2(s production of )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 26.4627 0 TD (Playboy of)Tj -26.4627 -1.2973 TD 0.022 Tc 0.102 Tw [(the W)54.8(estern W)54.7(orld)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.1296 0 TD (at the Abbey Theater incited riots in Ireland)Tj -9.1296 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0177 Tw [(because audiences felt it was of)16.7(fensive. Why is it that drama seems)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0338 Tw (able to stir people to action? Along with Baraka and Synge, you)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0135 Tw [(might also consider W)111.3(.)0.1( B. Y)94.7(eats \()]TJ /F8 1 Tf 15.1168 0 TD (Catherine Ni Houlihan)Tj /F7 1 Tf 10.2872 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\) and Arthur)Tj -25.404 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Miller \()Tj /F8 1 Tf 3.4431 0 TD (The Crucible)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.6846 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (\).)Tj /F6 1 Tf -10.425 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3834 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0048 Tw (Although the Black Arts movement has waned, there are)Tj -5.0861 -1.2973 TD -0.0301 Tw (still artists and audiences who believe in black separatism. How has)Tj T* 0.014 Tc 0.0136 Tw (Baraka influenced contemporary culture? Do you see evidence of)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0182 Tw [(his teachings and practices today? Y)94.4(ou might consider rap music,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(hip-hop, and film in your answer)111.1(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 416 691.459 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw (BARAKA WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 416 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([4314])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 674.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(L)18.2(eroy McL)18.3(ucas, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.6206 0 TD [(Imamu)-288.5(Amiri)]TJ -9.8819 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (Baraka)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.8999 0 TD 0.0002 Tc (, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.5762 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(F)36.6(ormerly)-288.2(L)18.6(e)0.1(R)18.5(oi Jones, Head-)]TJ -3.4761 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(and-)-18.6(Shoulders P)55.4(ortrait, F)36.8(acing Right)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (\(1965\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* 0 Tc [(Congress [LC)-22.9(-USZ62-115116]. In)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (1965, after the assassination of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(Malcolm X)-18.4(,)0( Amiri Baraka divorced his)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (white wife, changed his name, and)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (moved to Harlem, where he became a)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (prominent figure in the Black Arts move-)Tj T* (ment. Since then, Baraka has revised his)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (black nationalist views in favor of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Marxism and dropped Imamu)36.8( \(a)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Muslim word which means spiritual)Tj T* [(leader)-41.7(\) from his name.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 517.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([6262])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 517.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD (Baraka\))Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.21 0 TD 0.0002 Tc (, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.5762 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Allen Ginsberg and John Fles)Tj /F17 1 Tf -3.7861 -1.2353 TD (\(1959\), courtesy of the Department of)Tj T* (Special Collections, Stanford University)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Libraries. Jones \(Baraka\) and Ginsberg)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (seated in living room with drums. Jones)Tj T* (was originally associated with the Beat)Tj T* (movement, but with the growth of the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(Black P)55.5(o)0(wer movement, he changed his)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (focus to political civil rights.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 412.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7138])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 412.4591 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Baraka\) L)18.4(eads the Black Arts P)55.5(arade)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Down 125th T)120.5(oward the Black Arts)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Theater R)18.5(epertory/School on 130th)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Street, New Y)92.7(ork City)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.9202 0 TD 0 Tw (\(1965\), courtesy of)Tj /F18 1 Tf -8.9202 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (The Liberator)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.4089 0 TD (. Influenced by civil rights)Tj -5.4089 -1.2353 TD (activism and black nationalism, Baraka)Tj T* (\(Jones\) and other African American)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (artists opened the Black Arts Theater in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Harlem in 1965.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 307.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7430])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 307.4591 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD [(Beat P)55.6(oet Allen)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Ginsbergs F)36.9(ormer Companion, P)55.5(eter)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Orlovsky)88(, L)18.5(eft, and Black A)-18.4(ctivist P)55.6(oet)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Amiri Baraka Speak with Each Other)Tj /F17 1 Tf T* 0 Tw [(\(1997\), courtesy of the Associated P)36.9(ress.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (While a graduate student at Columbia,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(L)18.4(e)1(R)18.5(oi Jones \(Amiri Baraka\) knew some)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (of the Beat writers, with whom he shared)Tj T* (an interest in living on the fringes of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(American society)87.8(. However)101.8(, after the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (assassination of Malcolm X in 1965,)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Baraka considered racial harmony in)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(America impossible. Much of Baraka)36.9(s)]TJ T* (work reflects this more militant perspec-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(tive. 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She often refers to herself as a wanderer)111.2(, and her poe-)]TJ T* -0.0297 Tw [(try explores the experience of movement, relocation, and journey)111.3(, both)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (physical and spiritual.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0178 Tw (Joy Harjo travels widely throughout the United States, playing sax-)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0187 Tw (ophone with her band. Her poetry also resonates with the rhythms )Tj T* 0.0816 Tw [(and sounds of music, particularly jazz, blues, country)111.4(, and Native)]TJ T* 0.0173 Tw [(American dance songs. Harjo)72.3(s works include )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 22.3193 0 TD [(The W)54.9(oman Who Fell)]TJ -22.3193 -1.2973 TD 0.0684 Tw (from the Sky )Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4926 0 TD 0 Tw (\(1994\), )Tj /F8 1 Tf 3.7654 0 TD 0.0684 Tw [(A Map to the Next W)55(orld)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 12.2765 0 TD (\(1991\), and )Tj /F8 1 Tf 5.941 0 TD [(How W)54.9(e)]TJ -28.4755 -1.2973 TD 0.0214 Tc 0.0063 Tw (Became Human )Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.8451 0 TD (\(2002\). She co-edited )Tj /F8 1 Tf 10.5673 0 TD [(Reinventing the Enemy)91.7(s Lan-)]TJ -18.4125 -1.2973 TD 0.022 Tc 0 Tw (guage)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.9888 0 TD 0.0057 Tw (\(1998\), an anthology that celebrates the experience of Native)Tj -2.9888 -1.2973 TD 0.0147 Tc 0.013 Tw [(American women. The most comprehensive anthology of its kind, it)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.0136 Tw [(includes poetry)111.4(,)0( fiction, prayers, and memoir from Native American)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (women, representing nearly fifty Indian nations.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 262.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIPS)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 244.8796 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.7673 244.8796 Tm 0.0143 Tc 0.0133 Tw [(Harjo)72.1(s poems borrow from the Native American oral tradition)]TJ -2.4613 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0785 Tw (and have a sense of rhythm that makes them even more powerful)Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.008 Tw (when read aloud. Have students read one of her poems aloud. How)Tj T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0126 Tw (does the performance change the way they originally thought about)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the poem?)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 184.8797 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.4691 184.8797 Tm -0.0057 Tc -0.0308 Tw (Harjo is a saxophonist in a jazz band that combines Native Ameri-)Tj -2.4291 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0173 Tw (can drums and instrumentals with the jazz of the American South, the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1119 Tw (geographic homelands of the Creek Indians. Though twenty-first-)Tj T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0264 Tw (century American youth may associate jazz with easy listening, it is)Tj T* 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(important to consider jazz)72.2(s revolutionary influence on literature and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0102 Tw [(aesthetics during the twentieth century)111.4(.)0( For American writers, jazz)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0089 Tw (referred not only to a musical style, but also to a style of dance, litera-)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 689.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7432])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 689.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0004 Tc [(Imamu)-288.5(Amiri)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Baraka, the F)36.9(ormer P)55.5(oet)23(-Playwright)-288.3(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(o)0.3(i)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Jones )Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.6216 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(1974\), courtesy of the Associated)Tj -2.6216 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(P)37(ress AP)240.9(. This photo of Imamu Amiri)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (Baraka was taken when he announced)Tj T* 0.0002 Tw [(in T)101.8(renton on W)55.4(ednesday)87.9(, January 9,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(1974, that the New Jersey Black P)55.5(olitical)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc (Assembly would meet in New Brunswick,)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(New Jersey)88(, January 26, to select dele-)]TJ T* [(gates to the National Black P)55.5(olitical)]TJ T* (Convention.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 574.067 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7495])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 574.067 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Herman Hiller)102(, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.3184 0 TD 0 Tw (Malcolm X at)Tj -9.5797 -1.2353 TD (Queens Court )Tj /F17 1 Tf 6.1668 0 TD (\(1964\), courtesy of the)Tj -6.1668 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(119478]. P)55.6(ortrait of Malcolm X)-18.4(.)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Malcolm Xs assassination prompted)Tj T* (Amiri Baraka to emphasize race in his)Tj T* -0.0005 Tc (art.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (28)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 154.6885 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7382])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 97.2725 154.6885 Tm -0.0003 Tc (Duncan, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 3.8369 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Chitto Harjo or Crazy)Tj -7.516 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Snake, Head-and-)-18.6(Shoulders P)55.4(ortrait,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(F)36.7(acing F)55.6(ront)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 5.3284 0 TD (\(1903\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.3284 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc (111977].)Tj ET Q q 1 i 66 347 144 -178 re 100.155 112.689 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 145.5625 0 0 179.5459 65.13 168.0341 cm /Im9 Do Q Q endstream endobj 110 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F11 61 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im9 111 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 113 0 obj << /Length 8030 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0288 Tw [(ture, dress, and art. Jazz)72.2(s rebellion could be felt in the freedom of)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0159 Tc 0.0118 Tw (improvisation, as well as the ability to take old melodies, split them)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0104 Tw [(apart, and make them fit a new rhythm and worldview)94.5(. Harjo borrows)]TJ T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0069 Tw [(from jazz in her poetry both in terms of the syncopated rhythms of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0344 Tw [(her work and in her af)16.8(finities for improvisation, call and response, and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0618 Tw [(collage. Ask students to explore the importance of jazz for Harjo)72.2(s)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (verse.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 586.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 568.8796 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1651 0 TD -0.017 Tw (Poets often use repetition for emphasis and to create)Tj -6.8678 -1.2973 TD 0.0211 Tw [(a pattern when writing in free verse. 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What is the role of nature?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6023 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0661 Tw (Summer Night is filled with beautiful, delicate)Tj -7.305 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0335 Tw [(imagery)111.4(.)0( What is the ef)16.8(fect of the line breaks on the page? How does)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(the visual pattern of the poem af)16.8(fect its meaning?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.021 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4728 0 TD 0.0196 Tc (In )Tj /F8 1 Tf 1.345 0 TD 0.0079 Tw [(The W)54.9(oman Who Fell from the Sky)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 16.3439 0 TD [(, Harjo relates Native)]TJ -20.8644 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0217 Tw (American myth to contemporary life. How does her use of myth)Tj T* 0.1239 Tw (compare to that of the feminist poets in this unit, particularly)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0149 Tw [(Adrienne Rich \(Snapshots of a Daughter)72.2(-in-Law\) and Sylvia Plath)]TJ T* 0 Tw (\(Ariel\)?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.2711 0 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0045 Tw [(Memory is an important theme in Harjo)71.9(s)-0.3( work. Assimilation)]TJ -2.9738 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0194 Tw [(and the ever)72.2(-decreasing number of people who can speak tribal lan-)]TJ T* 0.0157 Tc 0.0119 Tw [(guages threaten the preservation of the cultures of Native Ameri-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0428 Tw (cans, who have traditionally relied on oral tradition to transmit)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0184 Tw (their heritage. Thus, it is not surprising that memory is so central)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(to Harjo)72.2(s work. How does she represent memory)111.4(,)0( both personal)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(and collective? Y)94.7(ou might look at The Flood and White Bear)111.2(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0195 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.652 0 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.0093 Tw [(The relationships and understanding among dif)16.9(ferent)]TJ -5.3547 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1404 Tw (generations of women are central to many women poets. This)Tj T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0211 Tw [(seems particularly true of writers in the women)72.2(s movement. How)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1423 Tw [(do these poets represent the dif)16.8(ferences among generations of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0207 Tw (women? In what ways is the tone of their poems political? Consider)Tj T* 0 Tw [(poems by Lorde, Harjo, and Rich in your answer)111.3(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0011 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4307 0 TD 0.0266 Tw [(Many of Harjo)72.2(s poems bear the influence of jazz, using)]TJ -5.1334 -1.2973 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(call and response, repetition, and visual patterns in a way reminis-)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0163 Tw [(cent of that genre. Compare Harjo)72.2(s Summer Night to Langston)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0096 Tw [(Hughes)72.2(s The W)55.6(eary Blues, also influenced by jazz. What similar-)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(ities or dif)16.8(ferences in technique do you notice?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4025 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0143 Tw [(T)94.7(ravel is an important theme in Harjo)72.2(s)0( work. How does)]TJ -5.1052 -1.2973 TD 0.0162 Tc 0.0114 Tw (this theme relate to the experiences of Native Americans, both in)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 416 691.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw (HARJO WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 416 674.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3708])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 674.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Jesse L)18.3(ogan Nusbaum, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 9.8853 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Entryway)Tj -13.1466 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (of House Near Guadalupe from Under)Tj T* 0 Tc [(P)56.3(orch, Sante F)37.1(e, N)46.4(.M. )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 9.2969 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1912\), courtesy)Tj -9.2969 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(of the Denver P)36.8(ublic Library/W)55.4(estern)]TJ T* 0 Tw (History Department. Creek poet Joy)Tj T* [(Harjo attended high school in Santa F)36.8(e)0.3(.)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (One of her goals has been to make)Tj T* (poetry and prose that is more inclusive)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(of the experiences of people of color)101.8(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 580.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7382])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 580.459 Tm -0.0003 Tc (Duncan, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 3.8369 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Chitto Harjo or Crazy)Tj -7.0982 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Snake, Head-and-)-18.6(Shoulders P)55.4(ortrait,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(F)36.7(acing F)55.6(ront)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 5.3284 0 TD (\(1903\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.3284 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc (111977]. Photograph of Creek chief)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Chitto Harjo, leader of dissident Creeks)Tj T* (who opposed land allotments that vio-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (lated earlier treaties. Joy Harjo is part)Tj T* (Creek and an enrolled member of the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Muscogee tribe. Harjos work ties Native)Tj T* (American heritage, including oral tradi-)Tj T* (tions, to contemporary themes.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 454.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8313])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 454.459 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Joy Harjo, Interview: Native)Tj -3.2613 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(V)55.7(oices and P)55.5(oetry of Liberation)55.5()-0.3( \(2003\),)]TJ T* 0 Tw (courtesy of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.7764 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(American P)55.4(assages)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.1939 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0 Tw (and)Tj -12.9702 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Annenberg Media)27.7(. W)36.9(riter Joy Harjo )]TJ T* 0 Tw (discusses the staying power of oral )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (tradition.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 391.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8314])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 391.4591 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Joy Harjo, Interview: Native)Tj -3.2613 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(V)55.7(oices and P)55.5(oetry of Liberation)55.5()-0.3( \(2003\),)]TJ T* 0 Tw (courtesy of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.7764 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(American P)55.4(assages)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.1939 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0 Tw (and)Tj -12.9702 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Annenberg Media)27.7(. W)36.9(riter Joy Harjo dis-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (cusses the power of the spoken word.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 475.1115 60.9958 Tm 0.4295 Tc [(JO)37.3(Y HARJO)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 12.528 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (29)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 114 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Length 6496 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0047 Tc 0.023 Tw [(terms of a connection to the land and with regard to Native Amer)72.2(-)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0186 Tw (ican spiritual images that often involve flight and journey? How)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.001 Tw [(does recent Native American history)111.4(,)0.1( particularly forced removal to)]TJ T* 0.008 Tc 0.0196 Tw [(Oklahoma, relate to these images of travel in Harjo)72.3(s poetry? How)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (does she use this theme to bring closure to the past?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.4595 TD (Lorna Dee Cervantes \(b. 1954\))Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1378 Tw (Cervantes was born in San Francisco and is of Mexican descent.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0117 Tw (Sensitive to the racial and ethnic prejudice she might encounter grow-)Tj T* 0.018 Tc 0.0096 Tw [(ing up in San Jose, her parents insisted that she speak only English)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0574 Tw (both in and outside the home. She graduated from San Jose State)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.0266 Tw (College and for many years supported herself by writing and publish-)Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.0068 Tw (ing. Cervantes founded and published a journal, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 23.5857 0 TD 0 Tw (Mango)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.2151 0 TD 0.0069 Tw (, which fea-)Tj -26.8008 -1.2973 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0263 Tw [(tured the work of Latino poets; she also wrote two volumes of poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc [(Currently)111.2(, she teaches at the University of Colorado at Boulder and is)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (co-editor of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 5.6475 0 TD (Red Dirt)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.7949 0 TD (, a cross-cultural poetry journal.)Tj -8.1451 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.008 Tw [(Both her Mexican heritage and her feminism inform Cervantes)72.2(s)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0822 Tw (writing. Her poetry celebrates her Mexican heritage, but it is also)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0274 Tw (harshly critical of machismo and male dominance in Chicano culture)Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0199 Tw (and celebratory of specifically female oral traditions. She sometimes)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0634 Tw (implicitly compares Euro-American dominance of Chicano people)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(and lands with Chicano men)72.2(s domination of women. Just as men and)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tw (women are often at odds in her bilingual poems, English and Spanish)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(words seem to battle on the page for space and prominence. Some)]TJ T* 0.0505 Tw (poems imagine fantastical escapes from such conflictan entirely)Tj T* 0.0163 Tc 0.0113 Tw [(female family)111.2(, for example, or an uninhabited land. Images of birds)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0041 Tw (and migration appear often in her work, particularly in her first book,)Tj /F8 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Emplumada)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.9053 0 TD 0.0163 Tw (\(1981\), the title of which is a play on Spanish words con-)Tj -5.9053 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1135 Tw [(noting a bird)72.1(s plumage and a writer)72.3(s pen. In )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 23.2523 0 TD (From the Cables of)Tj -23.2523 -1.2973 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.0224 Tw (Genocide: Poems on Love and Hunger )Tj /F7 1 Tf 17.7849 0 TD (\(1991\), Cervantes uses symbols)Tj -17.7849 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0394 Tw [(from nature to explore romantic and familial love. Her af)16.9(finity for)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0108 Tw (nature and landscape lend her work a unique delicacy and beauty that)Tj T* 0 Tw (sometimes belie its political and social messages.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 270.8796 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(TEA)18.5(CHING TIP)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 240 252.8796 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 250.8768 252.8796 Tm 0.0195 Tc 0.0081 Tw [(Students will probably find Cervantes)72.1(s)0( poetry very accessible.)]TJ -2.4732 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Building the discussion around the idea of a dual identity will help)Tj T* 0.1698 Tw [(them recognize the complicated aspects of her work. What does )]TJ T* 0.037 Tw (it mean for an American poet to write about a dual heritage? How)Tj T* 0.1251 Tw [(does a poet like Cervantes explore what it means to be an Amer)72.3(-)]TJ T* 0.015 Tc 0.0127 Tw (ican? Consider the ways in which this contemporary American poet)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0643 Tw (incorporates Spanish in her work. Have your students choose one )Tj T* 0.2119 Tw [(of Cervantes)72.2(s poems and translate the Spanish \(they can use a)]TJ T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(Spanish/English dictionary or the internet\) into English. Then have)]TJ T* 0.0044 Tc 0.0232 Tw (them rewrite the poem completely in English. How does this transla-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0374 Tw [(tion change the poem? What ef)16.7(fects are lost? Y)94.6(ou might consider using)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw [(V)55.6(isions of Mexico While at a W)38.9(riting Symposium in Port T)94.7(ownsend,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(W)55.6(ashington or The Body as Braille for this activity)111.3(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 351.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7084])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 96.7725 351.6797 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Mirta Vidal, Cover of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 9.0283 0 TD (Chicanas)Tj -12.7074 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw (Speak Out)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.7139 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1971\), courtesy of Duke)Tj -4.7139 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(University)88(.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (30)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 588 144 -222 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 144.6681 0 0 221.6271 65.37 366.3729 cm /Im10 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 66 220.459 Tm 0 g 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw [(CERV)18.4(ANTES WEB ARCHIVE)]TJ 7 0 0 7 66 203.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5615])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.7212 203.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Disturnell Map of)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0 Tc (Mexico)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.25 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1850\), courtesy of Benson)Tj -3.25 -1.2353 TD [(L)18.4(atin American Collection, University of)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(T)120.7(exas at Austin. Although the treaty of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Guadalupe)-18.6(-Hidalgo officially ended the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Mexican-)18.4(American W)55.5(ar in 1848, dis-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0 Tw (putes continued between the Mexican)Tj T* (and United States governments concern-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(ing)18.4(, among other issues, the border of)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc [(T)120.5(exas.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 117 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F9 12 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im10 118 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 120 0 obj << /Length 9085 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 691.459 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4796 Tc 0 Tw (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 673.459 Tm 0.0094 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3438 0 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0188 Tw [(How do you interpret the uncle)72.1(s dream in Uncle)72.1(s)]TJ -7.0465 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0174 Tw [(First Rabbit? What is the ef)16.9(fect of his first hunting experience?)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (What is the tone of this poem?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.6386 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1024 Tw [(In For V)55.6(i)0.1(rginia Chavez, Cervantes alludes to a)]TJ -7.3413 -1.2973 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(string of famous poets, including Lord Byron, the Romantic poet,)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(John Donne, the seventeenth-century poet, and popular V)55.5(ictorian)]TJ T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0125 Tw (poets Robert and Elizabeth Browning. Why would an author like)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0004 Tw (Cervantes refer to canonical British writers? How is she continuing)Tj T* 0 Tw (or transforming the work of those earlier authors?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1549 0 TD -0.0272 Tw [(In V)55.6(isions of Mexico While at a W)39(riting Symposium)]TJ -6.8576 -1.2973 TD 0.0162 Tc 0.0114 Tw [(in Port T)94.7(ownsend, W)55.6(ashington, Cervantes divides the poem into)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tc 0.0251 Tw [(two parts, titled Mexico and W)55.6(ashington. What is the speaker)72.3(s)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.021 Tw (attitude towards each place? What is the tone of the poem? Does it)Tj T* 0.0167 Tc 0.011 Tw [(change? What images are associated with each place? What does)]TJ T* 0.0059 Tc 0.0217 Tw [(that tell us about the speaker)72.3(s state of mind? What is the ef)16.8(fect of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the long title?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0056 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3498 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.0223 Tw [(The theme of migration appears often in Cervantes)72.2(s poetry)111.4(,)]TJ -3.0525 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0216 Tw (and is frequently connected to the prominence of migration within)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0657 Tw [(Latino history)111.4(.)0( This theme might also be seen as a reflection of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0382 Tw [(Cervantes)72.2(s personal migration between Mexican and American cul-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1659 Tw [(tures. T)94.6(race Cervantes)72.2(s use of migration, as both symbol and)]TJ T* 0.0267 Tw [(theme, in the poems in this unit. \(Y)94.7(ou might look specifically at)]TJ T* 0.2109 Tw [(Uncle)72.2(s First Rabbit, V)55.6(isions of Mexico While at a W)39.1(riting)]TJ T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0144 Tw [(Symposium in Port T)94.6(ownsend, W)55.5(ashington, and Emplumada.\))]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0526 Tw (What generalizations can you make about her treatment of this)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (theme? How is it represented in each of the poems?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.6695 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1817 Tw (The Black Arts movement is defined by a commitment )Tj -3.3722 -1.2973 TD 0.0329 Tw [(to bringing the arts and community together)111.3(, raising conscious-)]TJ T* 0.0422 Tw (ness about black experience, using art to gain political and soc-)Tj T* 0.1094 Tw (ial equality for black Americans, and building a sense of pride )Tj T* 0.1743 Tw [(and awareness of history in the black community)111.3(. After read-)]TJ T* 0.3173 Tw [(ing Cervantes)72.2(s work, think about what a Chicano aesthetic )]TJ T* 0.1084 Tw (might look like. What goals might it share with the Black Arts)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (movement?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3894 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0012 Tw (Like Cervantes, the Beats draw on ideas related to travel)Tj -5.0921 -1.2973 TD 0.0093 Tw [(in their work. Y)94.6(ou might look specifically at Kerouac)72.2(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 25.4322 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (On the Road)Tj /F7 1 Tf -25.4322 -1.2973 TD 0.003 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(and Snyder)72.3(s The Blue Sky)111.2(. How does Cervantes)72.1(s use of the con-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0336 Tw [(cept of the journey dif)16.8(fer from that of the Beats? What do her)]TJ T* 0.0064 Tc 0.0213 Tw (poems about migration have in common with works by the Beats,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (as well as by transcendent poets?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0059 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4887 0 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.022 Tw [(Birds are a common poetic symbol for the soul, in part)]TJ -5.1914 -1.2973 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.0171 Tw (because of their ability to move between the sky and the earth. In)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0847 Tw (other poems, birds, usually songbirds, are symbols of the poet.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0252 Tw (Some important poems that use this trope are Paul Laurence Dun-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.106 Tw [(bar)72.3(s)0( I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Sylvia Plath)72.2(s Lady)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0269 Tw [(Lazarus, and John Keats)72.2(s Ode to a Nightingale. Images of birds)]TJ T* 0.0214 Tc 0.0062 Tw [(appear throughout Cervantes)72.2(s work. How do you interpret this?)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0346 Tw [(How do these images change in dif)16.9(ferent poems? What kinds of)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 689.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([6133])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 689.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Y)92.1(oung Hispanic)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(W)56(oman )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 3.4956 0 TD (\(c. 1969\), courtesy of the)Tj -3.4956 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Denver P)36.9(ublic Library)87.9(, W)55.5(estern History)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Collection. In the 1960s and 1970s, a)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (number of Chicana women protested)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (definitions of womanhood and)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (American identity that excluded Chicana)Tj T* (heritage and life.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 605.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6710])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 605.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(Judith F)199(.)-0.1( Baca, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 6.2698 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(L)18.6(a)0( Memoria de)]TJ -9.5311 -1.2353 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Nuestra T)46(ierra)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 6.1296 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(2000\), courtesy of the)Tj -6.1296 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Social and P)36.8(ublic Art R)18.3(esource Center)101.8(,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [( Judith F)199(.)-0.1( Baca, L)18.4(a)0.1( Memoria de)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Nuestra T)27.7(i)-0.1(erra, Colorado, 2000. Judith)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Baca is an acclaimed muralist who)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (believes that art can be a forum for)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (social dialogue, as well as a tool for)Tj T* (social change. In this sense her work)Tj T* (shares much with the writings of Gloria)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(Anzalda, Cherrie Moraga, L)18.3(orna Dee)]TJ T* (Cervantes, and Helena Maria)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Viramontes.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 469.067 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7084])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 469.067 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Mirta Vidal, Cover of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 9.0283 0 TD (Chicanas)Tj -12.2896 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw (Speak Out)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.7139 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1971\), courtesy of Duke)Tj -4.7139 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(University)88(. Chicana authors, including)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(Cherrie Moraga and L)18.3(orna Dee)]TJ T* (Cervantes, protested exclusive defini-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (tions of womanhood and American)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (identity that did not include Chicana)Tj T* (heritage and life.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 385.0669 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7605])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 385.0669 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Unidentified)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(W)55.9(oman F)36.9(inishes Defiant Message)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* 0 Tw [(\(1973\), courtesy of the Denver P)36.9(ublic)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Library)87.9(. A young woman with long hair)101.9(,)]TJ T* 0 Tw (wearing bellbottoms, scrawls out a mes-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(sage which reads, )-23.2(W)55.4(e are not beaten )]TJ T* (. . . and we do not intend to be beaten)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (or driven as such. . . . What has hap-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (pened here is but the sound before the)Tj T* (fury of those who are oppressed. The)Tj T* (building pictured was damaged in an)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (explosion that followed a shootout)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (between Denver police and people of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (the Chicano community on March 16,)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (1973.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 227.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8756])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 227.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Eliot Y)111.1(oung)18.4(, Interview:)]TJ -3.2613 -1.2353 TD 0 Tw (Exploring Borderlands \(2003\), cour-)Tj T* (tesy of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 2.9214 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(American P)55.4(assages)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.1938 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0 Tw (and)Tj -11.1152 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Annenberg Media)27.7(. Elliot Y)111.1(oung)18.4(, professor)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(of history at L)18.4(ewis and Clark College,)]TJ T* (discusses Chicano and Chicana )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (literature.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 412.3855 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc [(L)37.1(ORNA DEE CERV)18.5(ANTES)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 22.9823 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (31)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 121 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 123 0 obj << /Length 4632 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.1332 Tw (birds appear? What specific cultural dimension do these birds)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (have?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3663 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0219 Tw (Many of the poets in this unit have a keen sense of place;)Tj -5.069 -1.2973 TD -0.0079 Tw [(particular places and landscapes figure prominently in their poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0032 Tw (Ginsberg, for example, writes about San Francisco and large urban)Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.007 Tw (areas, Harjo writes about landscapes central to Native American)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0929 Tw [(lore, and W)39(right)72.1(s poems are often about rural Ohio. Similarly)111.3(,)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0159 Tw (Cervantes envisions the landscapes of Mexico and America in her)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(work. Why does the land seem so important to all these poets? Are)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.114 Tw (there particular historical or cultural reasons that might make)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0151 Tw [(them feel tied to the land? How might an interest in the land relate)]TJ T* 0 Tw (to ideas of transcendence and liberation?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD (Suggested Author Pairings)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 496.8797 Tm 0.4794 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(LORNA DEE CERV)18.3(ANTES AND A)18.3(U)0(DRE LORDE)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 484.8797 Tm 0.0058 Tc 0.0163 Tw (Both these writers explode the notion that female identity is uniform)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0138 Tc 0.0083 Tw [(and continuous. Cervantes)72.1(s poetry is characterized by her dual her-)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc 0.018 Tw [(itage, and she frequently juxtaposes locations, languages, and imagery)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tw [(Similarly)111.2(, Lorde)72.1(s poetry features candid speakers struggling with their)]TJ T* 0.0102 Tc 0.0119 Tw [(experiences as outsiders because of race, gender)111.4(, and sexual orienta-)]TJ T* 0.0111 Tc 0.011 Tw (tion. Comparing the way these poets use standard English alongside)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0213 Tw (Spanish or black vernacular dialect also raises useful questions about)Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 0.1165 Tw [(what it means to connect two worlds and what it means to be an)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0228 Tw [(American. Both writers also recognize the political force behind poetry)111.4(.)]TJ T* 0.0161 Tw (Cervantes has been instrumental in creating and developing a Chicano)Tj T* -0.0077 Tw (aesthetic, just as Audre Lorde has been an important presence in Black)Tj T* -0.0038 Tc 0.0258 Tw [(Arts. Despite these similarities, these writers dif)16.5(fer widely)111.2(, particularly)]TJ T* 0.0165 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(in the tone of their poems. Lorde)72.1(s use of the first person creates an)]TJ T* 0.1418 Tw [(intimacy with the reader)111.2(, whereas Cervantes)72.1(s writing has a more )]TJ T* 0.0961 Tw [(narrative feel. How do these authors redefine what it means to be)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0216 Tw (American? How does their ethnic heritage influence their ideas about)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0 Tw (America and its national values?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 256.8796 Tm 0.4794 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(JAMES WRIGHT AND JO)18.3(Y HARJO)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 244.8796 Tm 0.0052 Tc 0.0224 Tw [(Both of these poets share an af)16.7(finity with nature, and both write in a)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0264 Tw [(meditative style. While W)39(right looks primarily to nature as an antidote)]TJ T* 0.009 Tc 0.0186 Tw (to the modern, Harjo expresses a desire to unite the past \(her Native)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0517 Tw (American heritage\) with the present \(modern times\), and she uses)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0271 Tw [(nature as a means to connect the two. W)39(right and Harjo, however)111.2(, do)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.0161 Tw [(share a desire for transcendence, and might be described as medita-)]TJ T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0184 Tw (tive poets. Both poets remember and long for nature and landscapes)Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.0094 Tw (destroyed or threatened by civilization, and both poets write with a)Tj T* 0.0034 Tc 0.0242 Tw (sense of loss and reverence. In what ways can their poems be read as)Tj T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0232 Tw (elegies, not for people, but for landscapes and locations? How do the)Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.0206 Tw [(dif)16.7(ferent backgrounds of these poets influence their views of nature?)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (How do they complement and diverge from one another?)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (32)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 124 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 127 0 obj << /Length 4867 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 691.459 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4793 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(AMIRI BARAKA, GARY SNYDER)-18.7(, )]TJ 0 -2 TD 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw (AND ALLEN GINSBERG)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 667.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0379 Tw [(These poets recognize the political power behind their poetry)111.4(,)0.1( and they)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.0163 Tw [(use words to shock audiences, critique government institutions, and)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0881 Tw (question traditional American values. Although he later became a)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0023 Tw (leader of the Black Arts movement, Baraka was connected to the early)Tj T* -0.0228 Tw [(Beat movement, and he knew Ginsberg and the other New Y)94.7(orkbased)]TJ T* 0.018 Tw (writers of the movement. Like the Beats, Baraka was interested in liv-)Tj T* 0.0141 Tw [(ing on the fringes of society)111.2(, exploding conventional ways of thinking,)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tc 0.0095 Tw [(and using poetry for political rebellion. By the mid-1950s, however)111.4(,)]TJ T* 0.0164 Tc 0.0112 Tw (Baraka had separated from the Beats to pursue racial themes in his)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0926 Tw [(poetry)111.4(,)0( and his work became increasingly militant. He also began)]TJ T* 0.0086 Tc 0.019 Tw (spending more time on drama and dedicated himself to bridging the)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0269 Tw (gap between the community and artists. While the Beat poets consid-)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0186 Tw (ered themselves outsiders, they did write poetry that appealed to the)Tj T* 0.0152 Tc 0.0125 Tw (masses. Just as Baraka shocked audiences with his dialect, obsceni-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0106 Tw (ties, and violence, so the Beat poets shocked their readers with similar)Tj T* 0.0077 Tc 0.02 Tw (breaches of tradition, using obscenities, slang, and references to ille-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0576 Tw [(gal drugs. Ginsberg became the voice for the Beat movement, and)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(Baraka, in a similar fashion, became the figure most associated with)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1745 Tw (Black Arts. Both poets had lifestyles that matched their vibrant, )Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(radical, and confrontational poetry)111.4(.)0.1( Gary Snyder)111.3(, however)111.2(, joined the)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.071 Tw [(Beat movement later)111.3(, after many of the writers had moved to San)]TJ T* 0.1278 Tw [(Francisco. His interest in nature and ecology set him apart from)]TJ T* 0.017 Tc 0.0106 Tw [(Baraka and Ginsberg. Snyder)72.2(s)0( work is also decidedly more medita-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0221 Tw [(tive. Still, he shares their radical use of diction and subject matter)111.3(, and)]TJ T* 0.0106 Tc 0.017 Tw [(he, too, lives on the fringes of society)111.2(. Like Ginsberg, who was inter-)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.0261 Tw (ested in the Far East, and Baraka, whose poetry reflects a fascination)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0554 Tw [(with Africa, Snyder)72.3(s work also shows some marks of primitivism.)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tc 0.0095 Tw (Interested in the Far East, particularly China, and Native American)Tj T* 0.0145 Tc 0.0131 Tw (culture, Snyder explores transcendence and spirituality in his work.)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(How do these poets deepen our understanding of the Beat movement)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0255 Tw [(and its complexity? How does each poet use politics dif)16.7(ferently in his)]TJ T* 0.0146 Tc 0.0131 Tw (work? How have these men changed our perception of the poet as a)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (cultural figure?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 247.459 Tm 0.4793 Tc [(SYL)55.4(VIA PLA)41.4(TH AND ADRIENNE RICH)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 235.459 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.1168 Tw (These writers are considered among the most important feminist)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(poets of our century)111.4(.)0( Both women struggle to represent female experi-)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.015 Tw (ence, and they shatter conventional notions of poetic subject matter )Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0735 Tw [(in the process. They write openly about the female body)111.4(, intimate )]TJ T* 0.0219 Tc 0.0058 Tw (relationships, sex, and motherhood. For both authors, questions of)Tj T* 0.0048 Tc 0.0228 Tw (identity are central to their work, and readers are often struck by the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1146 Tw (conflicted sense of self represented by these poets. How do these)Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw [(authors challenge society)72.1(s treatment of women and )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 24.6804 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0 Tw (sexuality)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4483 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.0234 Tw (? What)Tj -29.1287 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.027 Tw (is experimental or innovative about their writing? Why are they so)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (important to the feminist movement?)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 374.6242 60.9958 Tm 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(SUGGESTED A)18.6(UTHOR P)51(AIRINGS)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 29.2759 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (33)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 128 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F11 61 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 130 0 obj << /Length 5442 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 691.459 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw (JOHN ASHBERY AND ALLEN GINSBERG)Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 679.459 Tm 0.0054 Tc 0.0223 Tw [(Both of these poets are interested in the discourse of popular culture)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0554 Tw (and they both explore the boundaries between prose and verse. In)Tj T* 0.0945 Tw (addition, both Ginsberg and Ashbery avoid writing about specific)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0062 Tw (events and people, choosing instead to concentrate on the workings of)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0363 Tw (the mind or a representation of the creative process. But Ginsberg)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0122 Tw (uses an authoritative, sweeping voice reminiscent of Whitman, where-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0395 Tw [(as Ashbery)72.1(s poetic voice seems detached, erudite, and witty)111.3(. Gins-)]TJ T* 0.0081 Tc 0.0195 Tw (berg looks to jazz, Eastern religion, and drugs for poetic inspiration,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0179 Tw [(whereas Ashbery draws on visual art and is particularly influenced by)]TJ T* 0.0049 Tc 0.0227 Tw [(avant-garde painters like Jackson Pollock. Ginsberg)72.1(s poetry is highly)]TJ T* 0.0035 Tc 0.0242 Tw (political, whereas Ashbery seems disconnected from the political tur-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0305 Tw (moil of the 1960s. How do these poets represent American experience?)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0184 Tw [(How do they incorporate elements of popular culture? What do they)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (envision as the goal of poetry and art?)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 228 473.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc (CORE CONTEXTS)Tj /F19 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 449.4591 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(The W)17.8(ar in V)17.7(ietnam: The W)17.8(ar at Home)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.5946 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0834 Tw [(America emerged from W)55.6(orld W)55.6(ar II as a superpower with a dra-)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.1829 Tw [(matically transformed foreign policy)111.3(. The United States became, )]TJ T* 0.1385 Tw [(in historian Mary Sheila McMahon)72.2(s words, a more activist and )]TJ T* 0.0192 Tc 0.0084 Tw (outward-looking state as it purported to defend democratic ideals.)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0126 Tw (The government felt that to protect American self-interests, defend)Tj T* 0.0193 Tc 0.0084 Tw (itself against the Stalinist Soviet Union and Maoist China, and pro-)Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.0106 Tw (mote capitalistic democracy worldwide, it had to abandon its tradi-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0429 Tw [(tion of isolationism. W)39.1(ith the onset of the Cold W)55.7(a)0.2(r)111.2(,)0( the perceived)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0241 Tw [(threat of Soviet and Red Chinese aggression strengthened the govern-)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.0149 Tw [(ment)72.1(s resolve to protect its interests everywhere. This resolve led to)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0256 Tw (interventions in the autonomy of other nations and increased anxiety)Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.023 Tw (at home about subversive political and social movements. After the)Tj T* 0.0161 Tc 0.0116 Tw [(escalation of the V)55.6(ietnam W)55.6(ar in the mid-1960s, the conflict and its)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0009 Tw [(heavy casualties divided the country dramatically)111.3(. U.S. involvement in)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.006 Tw [(V)55.7(ietnam killed more than 50,000 Americans and lasted longer than)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the fighting in both world wars combined.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.032 Tw [(The V)55.6(ietnam W)55.6(ar was a protracted struggle in jungles, swamps, and)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(other dif)16.8(ficult terrain, a war with no front lines and two adversaries:)]TJ T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0202 Tw [(the North V)55.5(ietnamese Army)111.2(, a well-trained, well-equipped force with)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0231 Tw [(decades of experience in guerrilla warfare, and the V)55.6(ietcong, a South)]TJ T* 0.0082 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(V)55.6(ietnamese army of dedicated irregulars, genius in the tactics of hit-)]TJ T* 0.022 Tc 0.0057 Tw (and-run, and adept at blending in with a civilian population whose)Tj T* 0.0112 Tc 0.0164 Tw [(loyalties were always in doubt. By the middle of 1968, promises of a)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2169 Tw [(quick conclusion had melted away)111.4(, and a series of catastrophic)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(engagementsthe T)94.6(et Of)16.7(fensive, the siege of Khe Sanh, the battle for)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.001 Tw (Hue, which nearly destroyed the second largest city in the Republic of)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0164 Tw [(V)55.6(ietnambrought many Americans to the sobering recognition that)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 165.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([3043])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 96.7725 165.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(John A. Gentry)88.1(, LCpl, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 9.1951 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(i)-0.1(etnam )]TJ -12.8742 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(. . . P)36.9(rivate F)36.9(irst Class Joseph Big)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Medicine Jr)102(., a Cheyenne Indian, W)55.6(rites)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(a L)18.4(etter to His F)36.9(amily in the United States)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1969\), courtesy of the National)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Archives and R)18.4(ecords Administration.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (34)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 293 144 -113 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 143.7941 0 0 113.4355 66 179.5645 cm /Im11 Do Q Q endstream endobj 131 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im11 132 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 134 0 obj << /Length 6144 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.0251 Tw (the war could continue for a very long time, and that the prospects of)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0176 Tw (a real victory were dim. Another source of moral conflict in the United)Tj T* 0.0186 Tc 0.009 Tw (States was the configuration of the American Armed Forces, and of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0205 Tw (American casualties, as a result of provisions of the draft. Because col-)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0269 Tw (lege students before 1970 were deferred from conscription, campuses)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.022 Tw [(became places of temporary and uneasy refuge, where male students)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(were keenly aware of a countdown to graduation and a coming forfei-)]TJ T* 0.0049 Tc 0.0227 Tw (ture of protection; meanwhile, the front-line forces in Southeast Asia)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0027 Tw [(were filled with young men from working-class, inner)72.1(-city)111.2(, and minor-)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.016 Tw (ity backgrounds, men who lacked the money and the connections to)Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.008 Tw (spare them from military service. As the reasons for continuing the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0117 Tw [(war grew more and more confused in the minds of troops abroad and)]TJ T* 0.0186 Tc 0.0091 Tw (Americans at home, the resistance to the war grew exponentially in)Tj T* 0.0122 Tc 0.0154 Tw [(1968 and 1969; demonstrations in W)55.6(ashington, D.C., New Y)94.6(ork, and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (other cities drew hundreds of thousands of people.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0399 Tw [(When Richard Nixon took of)16.8(fice in January 1969, the American)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0151 Tc 0.0126 Tw [(government implemented two strategies to cool the domestic resist-)]TJ T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0199 Tw [(ance and find a way out of the conflict: \(1\) a V)55.6(ietnamization of the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0013 Tw (combat forces, which meant that American troops would be gradually)Tj T* 0.0039 Tc 0.0237 Tw [(moved away from direct combat, and \(2\) a draft lottery)111.4(,)0( which ended)]TJ T* 0.0135 Tc 0.0141 Tw (the college deferment and determined eligibility for conscription on)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0185 Tw (the basis of randomly chosen birth dates. For a while, these changes)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0995 Tw [(did have some of the intended ef)16.9(fect, but the May 1970 killing of )]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0163 Tw (student protesters by National Guard troops at Kent State and Jack-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3473 Tw (son State, two college campuses, brought about a nationwide )Tj T* 0.0085 Tc 0.0191 Tw [(student strike. W)38.9(ith the support of faculty and administrators, many)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.018 Tw (campuses shut down almost completely until the end of the academic)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(year)111.1(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.004 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(Many of the poets writing during this period responded directly to)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0091 Tw [(the V)55.6(ietnam conflict or expressed a heightened distrust of authority)111.3(.)]TJ T* 0.0165 Tc 0.0318 Tw [(Repelled also by the general assumption that America could fight a)]TJ T* 0.0071 Tc 0.015 Tw (major war and indulge itself materialistically at the)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0203 Tw (same time, some poets looked to leftist politics for an)Tj T* 0.0086 Tc 0.0135 Tw (alternate vision of what the United States could be.)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc -0.038 Tw [(The V)55.5(ietnam conflict and the protests against the war)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tw (were also, in a sense, media events. For the first time)Tj T* 0.0166 Tc 0.225 Tw [(in history)111.4(,)0( television crews could send full-color)]TJ T* 0.0265 Tw (videotape quickly home from a battlefield halfway)Tj T* 0.1754 Tw [(around the world, and domestic TV crews could)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0384 Tw (bring violent confrontations with police and National)Tj T* 0.0166 Tc 0.0494 Tw (Guardsmen directly into the living room. Not sur-)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0108 Tw [(prisingly)111.1(, depictions of the human body as a site of)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0059 Tw [(suf)16.7(fering, resistance, and sacrifice turn up frequently)]TJ T* 0 Tw (in literature written during and about these years.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 142.8797 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 124.8796 Tm 0.0095 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.3448 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.0187 Tw (What are some of the reasons Americans protested)Tj -7.0475 -1.2973 TD 0.0063 Tc 0.0213 Tw [(against the V)55.6(ietnam W)55.6(ar? Why did this conflict raise such opposi-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (tion at home?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 142.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7361])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 142.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(ietnam W)55.5(a)0.7(r)]TJ -9.11 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc [(P)37.4(rotesters)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 4.2073 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1967\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.2073 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Administration [NRE)-18.4(-21-KANSWICHCR)27.7(-)]TJ T* 0 Tc [(CR928-)55.7(WICH1895].)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 420.6082 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(THE W)18.4(AR IN VIETNAM)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 21.6119 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (35)Tj ET 1 g 332 321 228 -165 re 558.5 60.996 m f* Q q 1 i 332 321 228 -165 re W* n q 246 0 0 175.938 324 147.06 cm /Im12 Do Q Q q 143.8588 0 0 212.9711 416 483.0289 cm /Im13 Do Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 468.6797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7360])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 468.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(F)55.6(rank Moffit, SPC 5, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.6858 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(i)-0.1(etnam )]TJ -12.3649 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(. . . A Sky T)102(rooper from the 1st Cavalry)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Division \(Airmobile\) K)37(eeps T)102(rack of the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(T)46.1(ime He Has L)18.4(e)0(ft on His Short T)46.2(ime)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Helmet)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.2393 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(\(1968\), courtesy of the)-288.2(National)]TJ -3.2393 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Archives and R)18.4(ecords Administration.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 135 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /XObject << /Im12 136 0 R /Im13 137 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 138 0 R >> >> endobj 138 0 obj [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 15 139 0 R] endobj 139 0 obj << /Length 49 >> stream εkkkJJJ))) !!!999ZZZ endstream endobj 141 0 obj << /Length 9342 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0236 Tc 0 Tw (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.5865 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0502 Tw [(How did the V)55.6(ietnam protest movements change)]TJ -7.2892 -1.2973 TD 0.0315 Tw [(American culture? What values are associated with the V)55.7(ietnam)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0121 Tw [(era? How did the V)55.6(ietnam W)55.6(ar change the public)72.2(s attitude towards)]TJ T* 0 Tw (the government?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0097 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3824 0 TD 0.0091 Tc (Although )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.6375 0 TD (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.7871 0 TD 0.0185 Tw (was written in 1954, there are several refer-)Tj -10.5097 -1.2973 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.0213 Tw [(ences to capitalism and at least one reference \(line 32\) to commu-)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(nism. What is Ginsberg)72.1(s attitude toward American capitalism and)]TJ T* 0.0153 Tc 0.0124 Tw (Soviet communism? Based on what you know of his lifestyle and)Tj T* 0.0123 Tc 0.0153 Tw (the Beat movement, how do you think Ginsberg responded to the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(V)55.7(ietnam W)55.6(ar?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0042 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3383 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.0238 Tw [(Although the V)55.5(ietnam W)55.5(ar was a defining event for a gener)72.1(-)]TJ -3.041 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.184 Tw (ation of poets, few of the poems in this unit directly address )Tj T* 0.0371 Tw [(the conflict. Why? Do you see more subtle evidence of the war)72.3(s)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (influence?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.735 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0401 Tw [(During the height of the V)55.7(ietnam protests in the late)]TJ -5.4377 -1.2973 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.0187 Tw [(1960s, many men and women donned V)55.5(ietcong uniforms in order)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.0161 Tw (to make a dramatic political statement. Why do you think protes-)Tj T* 0.0102 Tc 0.0174 Tw [(ters dressed in V)55.5(ietcong uniforms? What statement were they try-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (ing to make?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0004 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4222 0 TD 0.0273 Tw [(Literary critic and poet Peter Sacks has argued that ele-)]TJ -5.1249 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(gies not only memorialize the dead, but seek to take the reader and)]TJ T* 0.0202 Tc 0.0074 Tw (poet through a mourning process, thereby helping the reader re-)Tj T* 0.0126 Tc 0.015 Tw [(cover from fears of mortality and move beyond loss. Some critics)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0227 Tw (have argued that in the era following Hiroshima and the Holocaust,)Tj T* 0.0143 Tc 0.0133 Tw (the appropriate mourner would not recover from her melancho-)Tj T* 0.0079 Tc 0.0197 Tw [(lia, but would mourn the loss of the dead in perpetuity)111.1(. Compare)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0196 Tw [(elegiac poems on V)55.6(ietnam \(e.g., Denise Levertov)72.2(s What W)55.6(e)0.1(re They)]TJ T* 0.0153 Tc 0.0123 Tw [(Like?\) to Lowell)72.2(s For the Union Dead and Allen T)94.6(ate)72.2(s Ode to)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0151 Tw (the Confederate Dead. What sources of consolation does each poet)Tj T* 0.0011 Tc 0.0266 Tw [(provide? What role does language play in this consolation? Do any)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (of these poems seem to see an end to mourning?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD [(The Beat Generation: Living \(and W)17.8(riting\) on the Edge)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 8.75 0 0 8.75 246 269.3796 Tm 0.0029 Tc 0.0247 Tw (I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starv-)Tj 0 -1.3143 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0232 Tw (ing hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at)Tj T* 0 Tw (dawn looking for an angry fix . . .)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 221.3796 Tm 0.0221 Tc 0.1896 Tw (When Allen Ginsberg performed these first lines of )Tj /F8 1 Tf 26.4423 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.0232 0 TD 0.1896 Tw (in the )Tj -29.4655 -1.2973 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0275 Tw (crowded Six Gallery in San Francisco, the 150 people in the audience)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0356 Tw (began cheering. As Kenneth Rexroth remembers, Americans were feel-)Tj T* 0.0196 Tw [(ing oppressed by what he called an undeclared military state, a gov-)]TJ T* 0.0082 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(ernment that seemed out of control, and a culture that seemed more)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0179 Tw [(interested in mass consumerism than morals or aesthetics. Ginsberg)72.2(s)]TJ T* 0.0079 Tc 0.0198 Tw (voice immediately became a voice of hope and change. Poet Michael)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.4635 Tw (McClure describes the immediate visceral response to )Tj /F8 1 Tf 29.6211 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.5335 0 TD 0 Tc (:)Tj -32.1546 -1.2973 TD 0.0147 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Everyone knew at the deepest level that a barrier had been broken,)Tj T* 0.0064 Tc 0.0212 Tw (that a human voice and body had been hurled against the harsh wall)Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.0176 Tw (of America and its supporting armies and navies and academies and)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 691.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc 0 Tw [()-23.1(W)18.6(AR IN VIETNAM )]TJ 0 -2 TD (WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 662.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3043])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 662.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(John A. Gentry)88(, LCpl, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 9.1951 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(i)-0.1(etnam )]TJ -12.4564 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(. . . P)36.9(rivate F)36.9(irst Class Joseph Big)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Medicine Jr)102(., a Cheyenne Indian, W)55.6(rites)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(a L)18.4(etter to His F)36.9(amily in the United States)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1969\), courtesy of the National)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Archives and R)18.4(ecords Administration.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Soldier from Company G)27.7(,)-0.1( 2nd)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Battalion, 1st Marine R)18.4(egiment, on a)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(clear)101.8(, search and destroy mission near)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(An Hoa. U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)0( military destruction in)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Vietnam encouraged antiwar protesters)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(and distrust of the government. W)36.8(riter)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Grace P)55.4(aley)87.9(, who described herself as a)]TJ T* (combative pacifist and cooperative)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (anarchist, was deeply involved in the)Tj T* (antiwar movement.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 494.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6217])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 494.959 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Cameron L)18.3(awrence, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.6653 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (It Is a Sin to)Tj -11.9266 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Be Silent When It Is Y)92.7(our Duty to P)37(rotest)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc (\(1971\), courtesy of the Library of)Tj T* [(Congress. F)36.9(eminist and activist poet)]TJ T* [(Adrienne Rich)55.5(s work provokes readers)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (to see the connections between the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(struggle for women)55.4(s rights and other)]TJ T* (movements, including that against the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (war in Vietnam.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 400.4591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7360])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 400.4591 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(F)55.6(rank Moffit, SPC 5, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 8.6858 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(i)-0.1(etnam )]TJ -11.9471 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(. . . A Sky T)102(rooper from the 1st Cavalry)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Division \(Airmobile\) K)37(eeps T)102(rack of the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(T)46.1(ime He Has L)18.4(eft on His Short T)46.2(ime)]TJ T* (Helmet)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.2393 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1968\), courtesy of the National)Tj -3.2393 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Archives and R)18.4(ecords Administration.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Soldier)101.8(, part of Operation P)55.4(e)0.1(rshing)18.3(, near)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Bong Son. By 1968, many Americans)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(were ambivalent about the U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)-0.2( involve-)]TJ T* [(ment in the Vietnam W)55.5(a)0.8(r)101.9(.)0( Most of the)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (soldiers drafted after 1965 were trou-)Tj T* 0 Tw (bled by their role in what they saw as a)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (morally ambiguous conflict. A variety of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(American poets protested the war)101.8(,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(including Allen Ginsberg)18.4(, Denise)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(L)18.2(evertov)78.6(, R)18.3(obert Bly)87.8(, R)18.3(obert L)18.3(owell,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Adrienne Rich, James W)36.9(right, and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (Galway Kinnell.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 211.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7361])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 211.459 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(V)18.7(ietnam W)55.5(a)0.7(r)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc [(P)37.4(rotesters)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 4.2073 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1967\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.2073 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(National Archives and R)18.4(ecords)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Administration [NRE)-18.4(-21-KANSWICHCR)27.7(-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(CR928-)55.6(WICH1895]. W)18.5(ichita, K)18.5(ansas,)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(protest against the Vietnam W)55.4(a)0.7(r)101.8(.)-0.2( Antiwar)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (protests were major cultural events in)Tj T* (the 1960s and early 1970s. Many writ-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (ers and artists participated, including)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (Adrienne Rich, whose work became)Tj T* (more explicitly political during this time.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (36)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 142 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 144 0 obj << /Length 8331 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0007 Tc 0.0269 Tw [(institutions and ownership systems and power)72.1(-support bases. By the)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0177 Tw [(time Ginsberg reached the end of )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 15.6147 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.4446 0 TD -0.0177 Tw [(, the cheers were so loud that it)]TJ -18.0593 -1.2973 TD 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(was dif)16.7(ficult to hear him read, but when he had finished, history had)]TJ T* 0.0057 Tc 0.022 Tw [(been made. The Beat movement had become an of)16.9(ficially recognized)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (force in the literary and cultural landscape.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0164 Tc 0.0113 Tw (The Beat Generation, as it came to be called, claims a number of)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.0257 Tw [(well-known writers, including Jack Kerouac, W)39(illiam Burroughs, and)]TJ T* 0.0211 Tc 0.0065 Tw (Lawrence Ferlinghetti, the founder of City Lights Bookstore in San)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2684 Tw (Francisco. The Beat authors covered in this unit include Allen)Tj T* 0.0164 Tc 0.0112 Tw [(Ginsberg, Gary Snyder)111.2(, and Amiri Baraka \(Baraka dropped his alle-)]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0079 Tw (giance to the Beats as he began to emphasize the African American)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0143 Tw (roots of his poetic voice\). These writers looked to unconventional role)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0738 Tw (models, or Secret Heroes as Ginsberg labeled them, like Charlie)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(Parker)111.2(,)-0.1( Dizzy Gillespie, Arthur Rimbaud, and Dylan Thomas. What all)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0735 Tw (these earlier artists shared was noncanonical status, experimental)Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.0198 Tw (artistic style, and a fast-paced, unorthodox lifestyle. The word beat)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.018 Tw (was a slang term used by postwar jazz musicians to mean down and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0089 Tw [(out, or poor and exhausted. It also suggested dead beat or beat-up.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0037 Tw (The adoption of the word beat to describe this generation of poets is)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0182 Tw (generally credited to Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, who claimed)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0179 Tw [(that the word meant exhausted, at the bottom of the world, looking)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0101 Tw [(up or out, sleepless, wide-eyed, perceptive, rejected by society)111.3(, on your)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tw (own, streetwise. Kerouac later credited the term with a philosophical)Tj T* -0.001 Tw (dimension, meaning beatitude or beatific. Proclaiming themselves the)Tj T* 0.0103 Tc 0.0174 Tw (Beat Generation ironically helped these writers gain a sense of iden-)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0186 Tw (tity as outsiders. Although Ginsberg, Kerouac, and other early mem-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0775 Tw [(bers of the group met in New Y)94.7(ork City)111.3(, San Francisco eventually)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0327 Tw [(became the hub of the Beat movement. San Francisco, even more than)]TJ T* 0.003 Tw [(New Y)94.7(ork City)111.3(, was home to a thriving alternative culture, where radi-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (cal ideas and lifestyles were welcomed.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0108 Tc 0.0169 Tw [(When Ginsberg)72.1(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8.265 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.7941 0 TD 0.0168 Tw (was eventually published in a collection, a)Tj -12.3565 -1.2973 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0062 Tw [(court trial over its alleged obscenity only heightened its popularity)111(,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1346 Tw (and the publicity it generated along with the publication of Jack)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Kerouac)72.1(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 4.7878 0 TD 0.0093 Tw (On the Road)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.9898 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(\(1957\) brought word of the movement into the)]TJ -10.7776 -1.2973 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0178 Tw (American heartland. The Beat Generation became synonymous with)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0258 Tw (counterculture, rebellion, and bohemian living. These writers refused)Tj T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0203 Tw (to conform to traditional middle-class values; they rejected material-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1828 Tw [(ism and organized religion, and searched instead for alternative )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0134 Tw (ways to find spiritual understanding. The Beats looked to Eastern reli-)Tj T* 0.0143 Tc 0.0134 Tw (gion, with its emphasis on meditation and communion with nature.)Tj T* 0.0201 Tc 0.0075 Tw [(Some of them experimented with mind-altering drugs. Many of the)]TJ T* 0.0217 Tc 0.006 Tw [(Beat poets were openly homosexual, and their candor on the taboo)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0849 Tw (subject of same-sex relationships helped pave the way for the gay)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (rights movement in the 1970s.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0587 Tw (Beat literature is characterized by a vigorous rejection of tradi-)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0214 Tc 0.0063 Tw (tional social, sexual, political, and religious values. Although much)Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0.0169 Tw (writing of the time could be described as experimental, Beat writing)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0335 Tw [(shares a set of recognizable features, including spontaneity)111.3(, a pen-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0075 Tw [(chant for surreal imagery)111.4(,)0( juxtaposition, long lines, aggressive individ-)]TJ T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(ualism, an interest in the writing process, the practice of automatic)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 689.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7362])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 689.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Phil Stanziola, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 6.0908 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(800 W)55.8(omen)]TJ -9.3521 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Strikers for P)55.6(eace on 47th St. near the)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (UN Building)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.2937 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1962\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.2937 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* [(128465]. W)55.5(omen protest for peace.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (Antiwar sentiment grew throughout the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (1960s as some Americans became)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(more critical of the Cold W)55.5(ar mentality)87.9(.)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(Throughout the Cold W)55.4(a)0.7(r)101.8(,)0( the United)]TJ T* (States became increasingly involved in)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (international conflicts that had high)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (American death tolls and no apparent)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(resolution, such as the K)18.3(o)0.2(rean and)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Vietnam wars.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 542.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8619])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 542.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(V)55.7(arious, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 3.6228 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Don)55.6(t Mourn, Organize:)]TJ -6.8841 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (SDS Guide to Community Organizing)Tj /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc (\(1968\), courtesy of Special Collections,)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Michigan State University Libraries.)Tj T* 0 Tw [(Students for a Democratic Society)-55.7(s)]TJ /F18 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc (Guide to Community Organizing)Tj /F17 1 Tf 13.5908 0 TD 0.0001 Tw (. Some)Tj -13.5908 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc (of the articles in this guide address)Tj T* 0 Tw (organization and resistance to the war)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(beyond draft dodging)18.3(, the original focus)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (of SDS actions. One article discusses the)Tj T* (various responses of poor whites to)Tj T* (black rebellion and violence during the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw (ghetto uprisings in the summer of 1967.)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(Michael Harper)-41.8(s poem )134(A)0( Mother)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Speaks: The Algiers Motel Incident,)Tj T* [(Detroit)-27.8( was inspired by the Detroit riot)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc (of 1967.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 414.0466 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(THE BEA)55.5(T GENERA)55.6(TION)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 22.7055 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (37)Tj ET Q q 1 i 416 322 144 -176 re 558.5 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 143.6522 0 0 177.0086 416 144.9915 cm /Im14 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 132.1797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([5681])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 132.1797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)18.3(,)]TJ -9.11 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Gregory Corso, Jack K)37(erouac & P)55.6(eter)]TJ T* [(L)18.6(afcadio, Mexico City)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 9.165 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(n.d.\), courtesy of)Tj -9.165 -1.2353 TD [(the Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 145 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /XObject << /Im14 146 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 148 0 obj << /Length 8786 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(writing, a fascination with drug-induced states, and a general interest)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw [(in life on the edges of society)111.3(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 228 646.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 628.8796 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1652 0 TD -0.0169 Tw (What are some of the features that characterize Beat)Tj -6.8679 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (poetry?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.7722 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.236 Tw (What kinds of values did the Beat Generation)Tj -7.4749 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (uphold?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0081 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3692 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.0201 Tw [(Ginsberg)72.1(s poem )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8.0897 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.7809 0 TD 0.0202 Tw [(is often taken as a kind of manifesto)]TJ -13.9425 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.034 Tw (for the movement. What features, formal and thematic, seem to)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (characterize both this poem and the Beat movement as a whole?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0133 Tc (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.4113 0 TD 0.0125 Tc 0.0151 Tw [(What does Baraka)72.2(s poetry share with the Beat movement?)]TJ -3.114 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (How does race complicate his association with this group?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Context:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.2483 0 TD -0.0276 Tw [(How does Snyder)72.3(s)0.1( attitude toward nature fit in with the Beat)]TJ -2.951 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw [(Generation)72.2(s outlook?)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0236 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.7181 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0232 Tw [(W)38.9(illiam Carlos W)39(illiams was an American modernist)]TJ -5.4208 -1.2973 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0242 Tw [(poet known for celebrating everyday American speech and writing)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0377 Tw [(poems about ordinary subjects. 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Y)94.7(o)0(u)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.065 Tw [(might consider looking at Allen Ginsberg)72.2(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 21.2142 0 TD 0 Tw (Howl)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.5335 0 TD 0.0649 Tw [(, Gary Snyder)72.3(s)]TJ -23.7477 -1.2973 TD 0.1771 Tw [(August on Sourdough, A V)55.6(isit from Dick Brewer)111.2(, and Amiri)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Baraka)72.1(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 4.1771 0 TD (Dutchman)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.8499 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0096 Tw [(. W)39(ith what aspects of America do these writers)]TJ -9.027 -1.2973 TD 0 Tw (identify? Why is traveling so important to these poets?)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1.2973 -3.8919 TD [(Black Arts: A Separate V)36.8(oice)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.5946 TD 0.0014 Tw (The Black Arts movement arose alongside the Black Power movement)Tj 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0271 Tw (in the 1960s. The movement flourished from 1965 to about 1975, and)Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.0233 Tw (though it was short-lived, its legacy was long. Artists typically associ-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0411 Tw (ated with Black Arts include Amiri Baraka, Nikki Giovanni, Ed )Tj 28.9577 0 TD -0.014 Tc 0 Tw (Bullins,)Tj -28.9577 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0772 Tw [(Harold Cruse, Adrienne Kennedy)111.3(, Larry Neal, and Sonia Sanchez.)]TJ T* 0.0017 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(Black Arts, according to writer Larry Neal, was an ethical movement,)]TJ T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0184 Tw [(meaning that the artists, from poets and playwrights to painters and)]TJ T* 0.0057 Tc 0.0219 Tw (musicians, believed that art must have a political purpose and that it)Tj T* 0.0218 Tc 0.0058 Tw [(must be experienced by the masses. Rather than writing modernist)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0211 Tw (poetry with racial themes, as poets like Gwendolyn Brooks and Robert)Tj T* -0.0102 Tw (Hayden had done in the 1940s and 1950s, the Black Arts poets worked)Tj T* 0.0127 Tc 0.0149 Tw (to express a distinctly black aesthetic derived from black experience)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0105 Tw (and a long African American oral tradition. Black Arts authors sought)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0151 Tw (a new kind of audience; they wrote for the masses in the American)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(ghettoes, and they wrote to bring this vast community together)111.2(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0316 Tw [(However)111.2(,)0( the Black Arts movement was controversial because it)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 528.459 Tm 0.4795 Tc -0.0001 Tw [()-18.4(THE BEA)41.6(T GENERA)41.6(TION)]TJ 0 -2 TD 0 Tw (WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 499.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5681])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 499.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)18.3(,)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Gregory Corso, Jack K)37(erouac & P)55.6(eter)]TJ T* [(L)18.6(afcadio, Mexico City )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 9.157 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(n.d.\), courtesy of)Tj -9.157 -1.2353 TD [(the Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust. The Beat)]TJ T* (Movement arose at the height of 1950s)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (conservatism and eventually gave birth)Tj T* (to the more broad-based counterculture)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (movements of the 1960s. The Beats)Tj T* (looked to non-traditional role models)Tj T* (like jazz artists Dizzy Gillespie and)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Charlie P)55.4(arker)101.8(, and the F)55.4(rench symbolist)]TJ T* 0 Tw (poet Arthur Rimbaud.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 373.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([5683])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 373.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc (John Doss, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.8542 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg)-288.4(at)]TJ -8.1156 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Madame Nhu P)37(rotest, 1963)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.8472 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1963\),)Tj -11.8472 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(courtesy of the Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust and)]TJ T* (the Department of Special Collections,)Tj T* (Stanford University Libraries. Allen)Tj T* (Ginsberg is pictured here in front of City)Tj T* [(Lights Bookstore in San F)55.5(rancisco, after)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (the antiMadame Nhu demonstration of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (1963. Madame Nhu, wife of the head)Tj T* (of the secret police in Vietnam, was the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(official hostess of the U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)-0.5(-)-18.5(controlled)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (South Vietnamese government. When a)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc (Buddhist monk immolated himself in)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (Saigon as a protest against the govern-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(ment)-27.7(s favoritism of Catholicism \(the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (majority of South Vietnamese were)Tj T* (Buddhist\), Madame Nhu called the sui-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(cide a )-46.4(barbecue and offered to light)]TJ T* 0 Tw (the match for the next one. When she)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (came to the University of California,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(Berkeley)88.1(, campus in 1963, she was met)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (with a wide variety of protests.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 142.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6254])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 142.959 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Ginsberg with Hal)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Chase, Jack K)36.9(erouac & W)36.9(illiam)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Burroughs )Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.4465 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1944\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.4465 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Allen Ginsberg T)101.8(rust. Photograph taken)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(near Columbia University)87.9(, where many)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm 0.0001 Tc (38)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 66 695 144 -94 re 257.658 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 144.1791 0 0 94.5174 66 601.3427 cm /Im15 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 586.6797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([6254])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 97.2725 586.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Ginsberg with Hal)Tj -9.11 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Chase, Jack K)36.9(erouac & W)36.9(illiam)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Burroughs)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.4546 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1944\), courtesy of the)Tj -4.4546 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Allen Ginsberg T)101.9(rust.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 149 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /XObject << /Im15 150 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 152 0 obj << /Length 8826 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0006 Tc 0.027 Tw [(was characterized by an impulse toward separatism and militancy)111.2(. In)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0131 Tw (the late 1960s, a great deal of anger characterized the outlook of many)Tj T* 0.0175 Tc 0.0102 Tw [(African Americans. Catchphrases like Black Pride, Black Power)111(,)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw (and Black Is Beautiful caught the attention of the black community)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0111 Tw (\(as well as the rest of America\). Powerful symbols and images, like the)Tj T* 0.0083 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(Afro or the raised black fist silk-screened on shirts and posters, rein-)]TJ T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0115 Tw (forced this new sense of racial pride. Afro-American studies depart-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1701 Tw (ments were founded in universities across America, and English)Tj T* 0.1106 Tw (departments began to include literature by black writers on their )Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (syllabi.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.005 Tc 0.0226 Tw (The Black Arts movement had a profound impact on the poetry of)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.0121 Tw (the period, including poetry that emerged out of the Chicano move-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2387 Tw (ment, the Asian American movement, and the Native American)Tj T* 0.0052 Tc 0.0224 Tw [(Renaissance. Literature was judged first and foremost by its political)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0128 Tw (message. Did the poetry incite action? Did the verse further the politi-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0491 Tw (cal cause for blacks? This shift in focus from aesthetics to politics )Tj T* (was a radical moment in African American art, but in many ways, )Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0037 Tw (this poetry was similar to much of the other verse being written at the)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.0077 Tw [(time by the Beats and feminists. They)111.3(, like their counterparts, were)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0253 Tw (protesting a whole range of societal problems. As critic David Perkins)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0869 Tw (argues, the Black Arts movement had many characteristics of an)Tj T* 0.021 Tw (avant-garde movement. It was anti-establishment, continually self-)Tj T* 0.0144 Tc 0.0133 Tw (dividing into factions, preoccupied with defining itself and its aims,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0265 Tw (prolific of manifestos and enormously confident of its own vitality and)Tj T* 0 Tw (importance.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0128 Tc 0.0149 Tw (The movement lost energy in the 1970s as the political and social)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0233 Tw (climate improved for blacks, thanks to the civil rights movement, and)Tj T* 0.0257 Tw (the imperative to be political and to appeal to the masses grew weari-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0197 Tw [(some for many artists who wanted to grow and find new readers. The)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0164 Tw [(legacy of the Black Arts movement, however)111.3(, remains important to)]TJ T* 0.0768 Tw (current literature. The poets of the 1960s deserve much credit for)Tj T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0079 Tw (changing the way the black community and the rest of society view)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0794 Tw (blackness; indeed, they helped to instill a sense of pride in blacks)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0028 Tw [(everywhere with poems like Coal, Black Mother W)55.6(oman, and The)]TJ T* -0.021 Tw [(W)55.6(o)0(man Thing. Their work inspired black poets to use realistic dialect)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(and speech in their poetry)111.4(,)0( and they also urged them to express black)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0273 Tw (experience more honestly than ever before. This paved the way for)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.032 Tw [(black poets to write in a more confessional manner)111.2(, incorporating inti-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (mate personal experience into their work.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 96 202.8796 Tm 0.4796 Tc (QUESTIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 184.8797 Tm 0.0236 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.7395 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2033 Tw (What are the features of the Black Arts move-)Tj -7.4422 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0103 Tw (ment? What relationship did poets and writers see between art and)Tj T* 0 Tw (politics?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0007 Tc (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.2208 0 TD 0.0271 Tw (How would you describe the political and social cli-)Tj -6.9235 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (mate within which the Black Arts movement developed?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD (Comprehension:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.1487 0 TD -0.0334 Tw (What relationship do you see between the values and)Tj -6.8514 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.044 Tw (styles of the Black Arts movement and those of rap, hip-hop, or)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0336 Tw [(other musical forms in American popular culture? What is achieved)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 416 689.567 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Beat poets and writers were students.)Tj 0 -1.2353 TD (Beat writers expressed their disenchant-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(ment with American conformity)88(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 658.067 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6505])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 658.067 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (The )Tj /F17 1 Tf 1.7922 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (Howl)Tj /F18 1 Tf 2.4126 0 TD -0.0004 Tc [(T)101.6(rial, San)]TJ -12.8971 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc [(F)55.2(rancisco Municipal Court, 1957)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* (\(1957\), courtesy of City Lights Books.)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(L)18.2(awrence F)36.8(erlinghetti, arrested for pub-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (lishing Ginsbergs poem, comments on)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc (the )Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.5527 0 TD (Howl )Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.387 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [(obscenity trial: )-18.6(The prosecu-)]TJ -3.9397 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (tion put only two expert witnesses on)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (the standboth very lame samples of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (academiaone from the Catholic)Tj T* [(University of San F)55.5(rancisco and one a)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(private elocution teacher)101.8(, a beautiful)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(woman, who said, )-32.4(Y)111(ou feel like you are)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (going through the gutter when you have)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(to read that stuff)36.9(. I didn)55.5(t linger on it too)]TJ T* [(long)18.4(, I assure you. The University of San)]TJ T* [(F)55.5(rancisco instructor said: )-18.5(The literary)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (value of the poem is negligible. . . . This)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(poem is apparently dedicated to a long)18.3(-)]TJ T* (dead movement, Dadaism, and some)Tj T* -0.0117 Tc (late followers of Dadaism. And, therefore,)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(the opportunity is long past for any sig)18.3(-)]TJ T* -0.0088 Tc -0.0296 Tw (nificant literary contribution of this poem.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 427.0669 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7537])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 427.0669 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0003 Tc (Allen Ginsberg)Tj -8.6922 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Uncensored P)55.5(oetry R)18.4(eading in W)55.5(ash-)]TJ T* [(ington Square P)55.5(ark )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.0552 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1966\), courtesy of)Tj -8.0552 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(the Associated P)36.9(ress AP)240.8(. Allen Ginsberg)]TJ T* (was born in New Jersey in 1926 and)Tj T* (attended Columbia University; while a)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (student, he was greatly influenced by)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(W)18.5(illiam Burroughs.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 343.0669 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([8911])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 343.0669 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Michael Bibby)87.8(, Interview:)]TJ /F18 1 Tf -3.2613 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(American P)55.5(assages: P)55.5(oetry of Liberation)]TJ /F17 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc (\(2003\), courtesy of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 8.2031 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(American P)55.4(assages)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -8.2031 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(and Annenberg Media)27.7(. P)36.9(rofessor Michael)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Bibby discusses Ginsbergs attitude)Tj T* [(toward the government and society)87.8(.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 470.7603 60.9958 Tm 0.4292 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(BLA)18.4(CK ARTS)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 13.2532 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (39)Tj ET Q q 1 i 416 276 144 -108 re 558.5 60.996 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 143.8594 0 0 108.7969 416 168.2331 cm /Im16 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 153.6797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7138])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 447.2725 153.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -9.11 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Baraka\) L)18.4(eads the Black Arts P)55.5(arade)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Down 125th T)120.5(oward the Black Arts)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Theater R)18.5(epertory/School on )]TJ T* 0 Tc [(130th Street, New Y)92.8(ork City)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 11.6382 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1965\),)Tj -11.6382 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of )Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.7764 0 TD [(The Liberator)101.9(.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 153 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /XObject << /Im16 154 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 156 0 obj << /Length 7467 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 240 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc -0.0129 Tw (when politicized art gains a mass audience? 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What features does her poetry share with this new direction)]TJ T* 0 Tw (in poetry?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0082 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.5164 0 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.0199 Tw [(W)55.5(e)0( live in a time when entertainment and popular cul-)]TJ -5.2191 -1.2973 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.0249 Tw (ture industries quickly notice, adapt, and exploit trends in alterna-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0045 Tw (tive communities and countercultures, to the extent that it can be)Tj T* -0.0262 Tw [(dif)16.8(ficult to tell the original or the radical from the commercial copy)111.2(.)]TJ T* -0.0315 Tw [(In the late 1960s, rock FM radio stations sprang up across the coun-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1122 Tw [(try)111.4(,)0( and Blaxploitation films were produced by Hollywood to)]TJ T* 0.135 Tw (reflect and profit from the race consciousness that had grown)Tj T* 0.0156 Tc 0.0121 Tw [(strong in African American communities. If you are interested in)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0245 Tw (the history of popular music, consider the recordings of African)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0117 Tw (American groups of the late 1960s and early 1970s: Funkadelic; Sly)Tj T* 0.0061 Tw [(and the Family Stone; Earth, W)39(ind and Fire. Consider also the dra-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.016 Tw (matic changes in the sound of Motown artists who were already)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.011 Tw [(well established by the late 1960s: The T)94.6(e)0(mptations, The Supremes,)]TJ T* -0.0125 Tw (Marvin Gaye, and others. If you are interested in film, sample some)Tj T* 0.0164 Tc 0.0113 Tw (of the Blaxploitation films that have enjoyed a long life on video:)Tj /F8 1 Tf T* 0.0208 Tc 0 Tw (Shaft)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.493 0 TD 0.0206 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.6044 0 TD 0.0208 Tc (Superfly)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.8708 0 TD 0.0206 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.6044 0 TD 0.0208 Tc (Blackula)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.1296 0 TD 0.0206 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.6044 0 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.0068 Tw (Putney Swope)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.6077 0 TD 0.0206 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.6044 0 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(Sweet Sweetback)91.7(s Baad-)]TJ -19.5187 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0274 Tw (assss Song)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.876 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (. Such films are often grouped together at rental outlets.)Tj -4.876 -1.2973 TD -0.0038 Tw (As you look and listen, speculate about these works as cultural arti-)Tj T* 0.0016 Tc 0.0261 Tw (facts. Do they show us the sensibility of the Black Arts movement?)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(An exploitation or caricature of that sensibility? Or some mingling)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (of the two?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3783 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0099 Tw (Social historians have sometimes suggested that the ide-)Tj -5.081 -1.2973 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.019 Tw (ology of the Black Arts poets was essentially counter to the values)Tj T* 0.002 Tc 0.0256 Tw [(of Martin Luther King Jr)111.3(., who emphasized nonviolent protest and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0025 Tw (harmony among races in America and the world. Where do you see)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(af)16.7(finity between works from the Black Arts movement and the val-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0073 Tw (ues of King and the civil rights movement? 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What)Tj -6.6967 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (are the strengths and limitations of each as political art?)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 213.459 Tm 0.4794 Tc [(BLA)18.3(CK ARTS )]TJ 0 -2 TD (WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 65.5 184.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3011])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 93.2212 184.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Austin Hansen, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 6.5249 0 TD (Eartha Kitt)Tj -9.7862 -1.2353 TD [(T)120.3(eaching a Dance Class at Harlem)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc (YMCA)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.885 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(c. 1955\), courtesy of Joyce)Tj -2.885 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc (Hansen and the Schomburg Center for)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(R)18.8(esearch in Black Culture, New Y)111.1(ork)]TJ T* [(P)36.9(ublic Library)87.9(. Eartha Kitt came to New)]TJ T* [(Y)111(ork as a child and grew up in a vibrant)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Harlem. 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Fighting for a voice, women,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0284 Tw (from artists to housewives, joined together and demanded to be heard.)Tj T* 0.0157 Tc 0.012 Tw [(Rich)72.2(s poem speaks to this sense of inclusion in the first line, where)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0171 Tw [(she uses the first-, second-, and third-person to address the reader)111.2(, sig-)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tc 0.0096 Tw (naling that both as individuals and as a community women need to)Tj T* 0.0109 Tc 0.0167 Tw [(fight for their equality)111.2(. In this poem, however)111.2(, the battle begins with)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0136 Tw (finding a voice and making sure that the book of myths in which our)Tj T* -0.0343 Tw [(names do not appear is rewritten to include the experience of women.)]TJ T* -0.0026 Tw (The intimacy between artist and reader in this poem characterizes the)Tj T* 0.0073 Tc 0.0203 Tw [(art produced by feminist writers like Anne Sexton, Audre Lorde, and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Sylvia Plath.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0084 Tw [(Although Second W)55.6(ave Feminism, or W)55.7(omen)72.2(s Lib, didn)39(t gain)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0168 Tc 0.0109 Tw (national attention until the late 1960s, women across America were)Tj T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0211 Tw [(voicing protest much earlier)111.3(. The prevailing domestic ideology of the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0105 Tw (1950s not only told women that their place was in the home caring for)Tj T* -0.0389 Tw [(the family)111.3(, but also tried to convince them that, unless there was some-)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tc 0.0213 Tw (thing wrong with them, they should find complete fulfillment in that)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.019 Tw [(role. For many women, these societal standards proved stifling, and as)]TJ T* -0.0238 Tw (the decade progressed, some women were becoming increasingly frus-)Tj T* 0.0191 Tc 0.0085 Tw (trated by the standards imposed upon them and the lack of choices)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0195 Tw (they could make in a culture that perceived women who were unmar-)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.043 Tw (ried or pursuing careers as socially aberrant. 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By revising fairytales and)Tj T* 0.0059 Tc 0.0218 Tw (myths, poets such as Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton satirized the con-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0156 Tw (strictive roles forced upon women, thereby laying the groundwork for)Tj T* 0 Tw (later feminist work.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.1557 Tw (These cultural standards were so ingrained that many women)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(either felt guilty for wanting to break the mold or found it dif)16.7(ficult, if)]TJ T* 0.0157 Tc 0.012 Tw (not impossible, to articulate their feelings of alienation and frustra-)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.0267 Tw [(tion. When Betty Friedan)72.2(s )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 12.7307 0 TD (Feminine Mystique)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.9955 0 TD (hit the shelves in 1963,)Tj -21.7263 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(American society changed as Friedan)72.2(s articulation of the desperation)]TJ T* 0.0167 Tc 0.0109 Tw [(women felt resonated with women across the country)111.4(.)0( At the end of)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.0161 Tw (the first chapter of this radical work, Friedan outlines her argument)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (poignantly:)Tj 8.75 0 0 8.75 114 124.1748 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0177 Tw [(If I am right, the problem that has no name stirring in the minds of so)]TJ 0 -1.3143 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.0247 Tw (many American women today is not a matter of loss of femininity or)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0258 Tw [(too much education, or the demands of domesticity)111.2(. . . . It may well be)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 416 689.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (1950s sex symbol, Kitt began her dance)Tj 0 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc [(career with the K)18.3(atherine Dunham)]TJ T* [(Dance T)101.8(roupe at age seventeen. Kitt was)]TJ T* (blacklisted for almost a decade after)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(speaking out against the Vietnam W)55.4(ar in)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (1968.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 626.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6714])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 626.567 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(R)18.7(omare Bearden, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 7.5337 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(The F)37(amily)]TJ /F17 1 Tf -10.795 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(\(1976\), courtesy of the R)18.4(omare Bearden)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(F)36.9(oundation/Licensed by V)18.4(A)18.2(GA, New)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Y)111(ork, NY)134.1(. R)18.4(o)0.1(mare Bearden gained inter-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (national recognition for the powerful)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (visual metaphors and probing analysis)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (of African American heritage in his col-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (lages, photomontages, watercolors, and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (prints. He was a member of the Harlem)Tj T* (Artists Guild and had his first solo exhi-)Tj T* [(bition in 1940 at the age of twenty)18.4(-nine.)]TJ T* (He had many literary friends, including)Tj T* [(James Baldwin, R)18.4(alph Ellison, and Albert)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc [(Murray)87.7(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 479.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7138])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 479.567 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Anonymous, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 5.4309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(L)18.5(e)0(R)18.4(oi Jones \(Amiri)]TJ -8.6922 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Baraka\) L)18.4(eads the Black Arts P)55.5(arade)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(Down 125th T)120.5(oward the Black Arts)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Theater R)18.5(epertory/School on 130th)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Street, New Y)92.7(ork City)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 8.9202 0 TD 0 Tw (\(1965\), courtesy of)Tj /F18 1 Tf -8.9202 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (The Liberator)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.4089 0 TD (. 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In the 1960s and 1970s, the)]TJ T* [(Black P)55.5(anthers and black nationalist)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(writers emphasized the need for solidar)36.8(-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (ity among African Americans and peo-)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (ple of African descent throughout the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc (world.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 248.567 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([7234])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 248.567 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Anonymous, )-18.5(The Evil System of)]TJ -3.2613 -1.2353 TD (Colonialism and Imperialism Arose and)Tj T* 0 Tw (Throve with the Enslavement of Negroes)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc [(and the T)101.8(rade in Negroes, and It W)18.3(ill)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Surely Come to an End with the)Tj T* (Complete Emancipation of Black)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw [(P)55.5(eople \(c. 1970\), courtesy of the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Library of Congress [LC)-23(-USZ62-995].)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (This poster shows the power of action)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc (and demonstration in effecting change)Tj T* 0.0001 Tw (for disenfranchised, marginalized, and)Tj T* 0 Tw (persecuted peoples. It draws on and is)Tj T* [(titled after a quotation from Mao T)120.3(s)0.5(e)-18.6(-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc [(tung)18(.)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 97 75.5 m 558.5 75.5 l S BT /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 400.2897 60.9958 Tm 0.4291 Tc [(THE WOMENS MO)18.4(VEMENT)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 24.9983 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (41)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 162 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F8 11 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R /F19 41 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 164 0 obj << /Length 6512 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 8.75 0 0 8.75 246 689.2645 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0221 Tc 0.0645 Tw [(the key to our future as a nation and a culture. W)55.6(e)0( can no longer)]TJ 0 -1.3143 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0073 Tw (ignore that voice within women that says: I want something more)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0001 Tw (than my husband and my children and my home.)Tj 9.25 0 0 9.25 228 641.2645 Tm 0.0187 Tc 0.0089 Tw [(Friedan)72.1(s landmark book raised consciousness about women)72.1(s roles)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0382 Tw (and changed many Americans view of how a household should be)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (structured.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2285 Tw (Despite the dominant ideology of the time, there were many)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0066 Tw [(women, particularly college students, who were active in what scholar)]TJ T* 0.0129 Tc 0.0147 Tw (Alice Echols has termed the climate of protest. These women took)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0184 Tw (part in marches, sit-ins, and speak-outs during the civil rights move-)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.0248 Tw [(ment and anti-V)55.6(ietnam protests. Like the earlier alliance between the)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0736 Tw [(abolitionist groups and suf)16.8(fragists, the feminist movement shared)]TJ T* 0.0748 Tw (much with the other movements of the 1960s. While these female)Tj T* 0.046 Tw (activists did not find much support for gender issues among these)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0195 Tw (other groups, their participation in various movements prepared them)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(well for their later struggle for women)72.1(s liberation. They learned tac-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0175 Tw [(tics of civil disobedience, gained practice speaking publicly)111.3(, and began)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(to see their bodies as sites of resistance. Likewise, the women)72.2(s move-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0166 Tw (ment shared some of the philosophical underpinnings of the wider)Tj T* 0.0109 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(protest movement. The women)72(s movement of this era has, however)111(,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.2131 Tw (been criticized for espousing middle-class, white values and for)Tj T* 0.011 Tc 0.0166 Tw [(assuming that all female experience is similar)111.1(. In fact, many groups,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1545 Tw [(including the poor and African Americans, felt that the women)72.5(s)]TJ T* 0.0056 Tw (movement excluded them, and feminists have remained divided on)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (issues of audience and inclusion.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.0253 Tw [(Labeled Second W)55.5(ave Feminism because it followed the Suf)16.6(fragist)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.191 Tw [(movement earlier in the century)111.4(, the women)72.2(s movement rattled)]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(American society)111.2(. While this new feminism fought hard against the)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(values forwarded by 1950s society)111.2(, the liberation movement also took)]TJ T* 0.0047 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(on more specific battles. Central to these new feminists was the fight)]TJ T* 0.0067 Tc 0.021 Tw [(to gain control over their own bodies. W)39(ith new advances in medical)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0145 Tw [(technology)111.3(, the birth control pill became available for the first time in)]TJ T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0202 Tw (1961. For feminists, the ability to control their reproductive fate was)Tj T* 0.0079 Tc 0.0197 Tw (necessary to liberation, and they fought for the right to choose abor-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.033 Tw (tion, to have access to birth control, and to educate women about their)Tj T* 0.02 Tc 0.0076 Tw [(bodies and their sexuality)111.2(. In a society that often refused to discuss)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(sexuality or even female anatomy with any degree of candor)111.2(, the femi-)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0.0238 Tw [(nist movement)72.2(s resolve to raise consciousness about the workings of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (the female body itself proved radical.)Tj 1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0118 Tw [(Feminists also fought to change society)72.3(s perceptions of women.)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.01 Tw (They did not simply want to open thousands of childcare facilities, )Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 0.0225 Tw (but rather they wanted to change the perception that childcare is the)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1532 Tw [(sole responsibility of the woman and mother)111.4(. As many feminists)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.0207 Tw (argued, the battle for liberation had to begin at home, where women)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0457 Tw (had traditionally been expected to shoulder the domestic burdens.)Tj T* 0.1218 Tw (Domestic chores and responsibilities would have to be shared by )Tj T* 0.1844 Tw (men if women were to gain equal opportunity in other spheres.)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.018 Tw (Feminists also raised awareness about the objectification of women,)Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 0.0245 Tw [(particularly the damaging ef)16.7(fects of unattainable standards of beauty)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 65.5 153.6797 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([6180])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 96.7725 153.6797 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(United W)55.5(omen)55.5(s Contingent,)]TJ /F18 1 Tf -3.6791 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(When W)55.5(omen Decide This W)55.5(ar Should)]TJ T* [(End, This W)55.5(ar W)36.9(ill End: Join the United )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(W)56(omen)55.6(s Contingent on April 24)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 13.8025 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (\(1971\), )Tj -13.8025 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of the Library of Congress )Tj T* 0.0001 Tc [([LC)-22.8(-USZC4-6882].)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 65.5 75.5 m 527 75.5 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 65.5 60.9958 Tm (42)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4253 0 TD 0.4293 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ ET 1 g 66 696 144 -175 re 257.658 60.996 m f* Q q 1 i 66 696 144 -175 re W* n q 144.9633 0 0 175.684 65.64 520.676 cm /Im19 Do Q Q q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 66 506.6797 Tm 0 g 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ([7362])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 97.2725 506.6797 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Phil Stanziola, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 6.0908 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(800 W)55.8(omen)]TJ -9.7699 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Strikers for P)55.6(eace on 47th Street near the)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (UN Building)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.2937 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (\(1962\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.2937 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc (128465].)Tj ET Q q 1 i 66 363 144 -194 re 100.155 464.68 m W* n 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n q 144.7674 1.0095 -1.3615 195.2444 66.1537 167.4971 cm /Im20 Do Q Q endstream endobj 165 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F7 10 0 R /F17 39 0 R /F18 40 0 R >> /XObject << /Im19 166 0 R /Im20 167 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 13 0 R >> >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Length 9438 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 768 m 0 768 l f q 1 i 15 753 594 -738 re 0 768 m W n 0 768.03 624 -768 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.25 0 0 9.25 96 688.8796 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc -0.0363 Tw [(heralded by the media and popular culture. For example, Sylvia Plath)72.2(s)]TJ 0 -1.2973 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.0205 Tw (poem The Applicant critiques the ways in which American culture,)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0693 Tw [(and particularly the world of advertising and women)72.2(s magazines,)]TJ T* 0.0142 Tw (objectifies women and forces them \(and men\) into confining roles.)Tj T* 0.0768 Tw [(The women)72.2(s movement struggled to expose the often painful and)]TJ T* 0.0109 Tw (uncomfortable lengths women were encouraged to go to in pursuit )Tj T* 0.1727 Tw [(of beauty)111.3(. In protest, feminists burned bras, girdles, high-heeled )]TJ T* 0.1148 Tw (shoes, and other items which they perceived as symbolic of their)Tj T* 0.2151 Tw (objectification. One of the most publicized protests occurred in)Tj T* 0.0017 Tc 0.0259 Tw (September 1968 when a large group of feminists demonstrated at the)Tj T* 0.0074 Tc 0.0202 Tw [(Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City)111.1(. Their witty slogans and fierce)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.0205 Tw (criticism of the event as degrading and sexist sparked debate around)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0022 Tw [(the country and did much to raise awareness of the movement)72.1(s grow-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(ing intensity)111.3(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0321 Tw [(Poetry proved important to the women)72.2(s movement, in part because)]TJ -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0149 Tw [(it helped to build solidarity and a shared set of images among women)]TJ T* 0.0102 Tw (of the time. In fact, poetry readings were often integral parts of rallies)Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.0216 Tw (and protests during this time. As literary critic Michael Bibby argues)Tj T* 0.0063 Tc 0.0213 Tw [(in his work on poetry in the V)55.6(ietnam era, the feminist poetry written)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0026 Tw (in the 1960s is characterized by a radical openness about the personal)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0533 Tw (experience of women, and the poetry openly celebrates the female)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0141 Tw [(body and sexuality)111.3(. For the first time, female poets were writing litera-)]TJ T* -0.0263 Tw [(ture about menstruation, childbirth, and eroticism. The immense pop-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0619 Tw (ularity of poets like Adrienne Rich, Sylvia Plath, and Anne Sexton)Tj T* 0.0037 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(illustrates the profound relationship between the personal and politi-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1999 Tw [(cal. Although Plath)72.2(s best-known poems were written before the)]TJ T* 0.1137 Tw [(women)72.2(s movement really took of)16.8(f, her work was published post-)]TJ T* 0.0451 Tw (humously from the mid-1960s on, and her defiant voice, unforget-)Tj T* 0.0207 Tw (table images, and struggle for a creative identity separate from the )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0228 Tw (confines of domesticity made her work an icon of the movement. The)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.0221 Tw [(poetry of Rich and Sexton was celebrated for the same reasons. Rich)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.0225 Tw (also contributed hosts of essays that have become central to feminist)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.01 Tw [(theory today)111.3(, and her identity as a lesbian became a political state-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(ment that seemed to mark a new direction in feminism. Rich)72.2(s notion)]TJ T* -0.0359 Tw [(of the lesbian continuum, in which sexuality is not either/or)111.2(, but rather)]TJ T* 0.022 Tc 0.0056 Tw (is better understood as a range, remains one of the key concepts in)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(queer theory)111.4(.)]TJ 1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0029 Tw (Feminist poets also responded to literary currents perceived as pre-)Tj -1.2973 -1.2973 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.0254 Tw [(dominantly male. Nikki Giovanni and Audre Lorde, for example, rep-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0073 Tw (resent female voices in the Black Arts movement, and poems like The)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0258 Tw [(W)55.5(oman Thing and Coal of)16.7(fer a feminist view of the new black aes-)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.093 Tw [(thetic. Other women of color)111.4(, including Joy Harjo and Lorna Dee)]TJ T* 0.0598 Tw (Cervantes, also helped to broaden the representation of women in)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.022 Tw [(feminist poetry)111.4(.)0( There were also several female poets associated with)]TJ T* 0.0104 Tc 0.0173 Tw (the Beat movement, notably Diane DiPrima. The university was also)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.0618 Tw [(an important instrument of change. W)55.7(omen)72.2(s studies departments)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.02 Tw [(emerged, syllabi were gradually broadened to include female authors,)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1478 Tw (and female scholars were changing the face of literary criticism.)Tj T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0159 Tw (Critics like Elaine Showalter \()Tj /F8 1 Tf 14.3189 0 TD 0.0158 Tw (A Literature of Their Own)Tj /F7 1 Tf 11.9514 0 TD (\) and Sandra)Tj -26.2702 -1.2973 TD 0.008 Tc 0.0196 Tw [(M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar \()]TJ /F8 1 Tf 14.1016 0 TD (The Madwoman in the Attic)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12.8703 0 TD (\) were forc-)Tj /F1 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 416 691.459 Tm 0.4793 Tc 0 Tw [()-23.2(WOMENS MO)18.2(VEMENT)]TJ 0 -2 TD 0.4794 Tc (WEB ARCHIVE)Tj 7 0 0 7 416 662.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3010])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 662.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Austin Hansen, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 6.5249 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [(W)55.9(oman and)]TJ -9.7862 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Baby Evicted from Their Harlem)Tj T* (Apartment, 1950s)Tj /F17 1 Tf 7.7153 0 TD (\(c. 1950s\), courtesy)Tj -7.7153 -1.2353 TD -0.0003 Tc (of Joyce Hansen and the Schomburg)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(Center for R)18.4(esearch in Black Culture,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(New Y)111.1(ork P)36.9(ublic Library)87.9(. This photos)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (echoes of the traditional iconography of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (the Madonna and Child comment ironi-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [(cally on life in inner)37(-)-18.6(city New Y)111.2(ork.)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (Gwendolyn Brookss work addresses the)Tj T* [(struggles of raising children in poverty)88(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 547.459 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([3296])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 547.459 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Dick DeMarsico, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 7.2141 0 TD [(P)37.5(rotesting )]TJ -10.4754 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(A-Bomb T)120.5(ests)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 5.7422 0 TD 0 Tw (\(1962\), courtesy of the)Tj -5.7422 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc [(Library of Congress [LC)-23.1(-USZ62-)]TJ T* [(126854]. Demonstrators protesting U)60.1(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)]TJ T* (testing of atomic weapons. The use of)Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(nuclear weapons in W)55.4(orld W)55.4(ar II)]TJ T* 0 Tw (prompted a variety of responses from)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(U)60.2(.)0.1(S)18.4(.)0( citizens, including fear)101.9(, protest, and)]TJ T* (feelings of alienation.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 452.959 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6180])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 452.959 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(United W)55.5(omen)55.5(s Contingent,)]TJ /F18 1 Tf -3.2613 -1.2353 TD 0.0001 Tw [(When W)55.5(omen Decide This W)55.5(ar Should)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(End, This W)55.5(ar W)36.9(ill End: Join the United)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(W)56(omen)55.6(s Contingent on April 24 )]TJ /F17 1 Tf 13.7952 0 TD 0.0001 Tc (\(1971\),)Tj -13.7952 -1.2353 TD -0.0002 Tc (courtesy of the Library of Congress )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc [([LC)-23(-USZC4-6882]. P)37(rotest poster)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc [(against the Vietnam W)55.4(a)0.7(r)101.8(.)0( The antiwar)101.8(,)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(civil rights, women)55.5(s rights, and gay )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (liberation movements were connected)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(politically and artistically)88(. In 1961, writer)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [(and activist Grace P)55.4(aley founded the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(Greenwich Village P)55.5(eace Center)101.9(, which)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (was integral to draft resistance during)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc [(the Vietnam W)55.5(a)0.8(r)101.9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 416 305.9591 Tm 0.0001 Tc ([6181])Tj /F17 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 443.7212 305.9591 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(P)55.6(eg Averill, )]TJ /F18 1 Tf 4.8711 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(When W)55.7(omen)]TJ -8.1324 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Become Massively P)55.6(olitical the)]TJ T* [(R)18.9(evolution W)37(ill Have Moved to a New)]TJ T* 0 Tc [(L)18.7(evel . . .)]TJ /F17 1 Tf 4.0435 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(1976\), courtesy of the Library)Tj -4.0435 -1.2353 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(of Congress [CN POS 6-U)60.2(.S)18.5(., no. 39 )]TJ T* 0 Tw [(\(C size\)
]. P)55.6(oster of a woman in)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc (whose flowing hair is pictured a setting)Tj T* (sun and silhouettes of soldiers. The)Tj T* [(woman)55.5(s movement was closely allied to)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc (the peace movement. 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Is there a sense in which identifying oneself as lesbian might)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (be seen as a political statement? Why or why not?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.3667 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0215 Tw (Sylvia Plath and Adrienne Rich are feminist poets whose)Tj -5.0694 -1.2973 TD 0.0132 Tc 0.0145 Tw (work is characterized by a memorable voice, an intimate connec-)Tj T* 0.013 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(tion between reader and poetic speaker)111.2(, and an honest, often raw)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0194 Tw (portrayal of female experience. What is the poetic legacy of writers)Tj T* 0.0032 Tc 0.0245 Tw (like Plath and Rich? Can you think of any poets writing today that)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (seem similar to or indebted to these authors?)Tj /F6 1 Tf -1.2973 -1.2973 TD -0.0002 Tc (Exploration:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.349 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0392 Tw [(Feminists saw the female body as a site of political strug-)]TJ -5.0517 -1.2973 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.2479 Tw [(gle and suf)16.7(fering, and that vision was intensified during the)]TJ T* 0.0065 Tc 0.0211 Tw [(Supreme Court)72.2(s hearing of )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 13.2445 0 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.0225 Tw [(Roe v)17.7(.)0( W)73.9(ade)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 6.2221 0 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.0212 Tw (in the early 1970s. These)Tj -19.4665 -1.2973 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.016 Tw (women battled to gain reproductive rights, educate women about)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.04 Tw (their bodies, raise awareness about rape and domestic violence, and)Tj T* -0.0118 Tw [(encourage women to value their natural beauty)111.3(. How does the body)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.0162 Tw [(function as a symbol in feminist poetry of this period? 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[(ation from society that has compelled them to search elsewhere for)]TJ
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0.0006 Tc
0.027 Tw
[(meaning. The emphasis on Eastern religion, alternative states of real-)]TJ
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[(ity)111.2(, hedonism, and nature suggests that these poets were seeking to)]TJ
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[(meter)111.3(. Some of the features of free verse include enjambment, visual)]TJ
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(free verse.)Tj
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(protest poetry)Tj
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(Poetry that strives to undermine established val-)Tj
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0.017 Tw
[(other bodies of authority)111.3(. Protest poetry often aims to shock readers)]TJ
T*
0.0049 Tc
0.0228 Tw
[(into political action by discussing taboo subject matter)111.4(, using uncon-)]TJ
T*
0.0031 Tc
0.0246 Tw
(ventional and often profane language, criticizing popular beliefs, and)Tj
T*
-0.0001 Tc
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(shunning formal poetic conventions.)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
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(removal)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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0.0095 Tc
0.0181 Tw
[(A term that refers to the American policy)111.3(,)0( spearheaded)]TJ
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0.0175 Tw
[(by President Andrew Jackson, which forcibly relocated major south-)]TJ
T*
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(eastern Indian tribes to Oklahoma. The Creek Indians, along with)Tj
T*
0.0978 Tw
(most of the other large southern tribes such as the Cherokee and)Tj
T*
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[(Choctaw)94.7(, were removed to Oklahoma during the 1830s. The Cherokee)]TJ
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[(UNIT 15, POETR)18.6(Y OF LIBERA)55.7(TION)]TJ
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[(were forced to march to Oklahoma along what became known as the)]TJ
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[(Roe v)17.7(.)0( W)73.8(ade)]TJ
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[(A controversial Supreme Court case from 1973, in)]TJ
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(their bodies. The decision met with immediate resistance from)Tj
T*
0.0276 Tw
(Catholic groups and Christian fundamentalists. As the decade pro-)Tj
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(gressed, the courts gradually qualified the decision, making more)Tj
T*
0.0056 Tc
0.022 Tw
(stringent rules about the time frame and circumstances under which)Tj
T*
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(abortions can be performed.)Tj
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(sex\(uality\))Tj
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0.0091 Tc
0.0186 Tw
[(The sexual revolution was characterized not only by)]TJ
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0.0235 Tw
(openness about the body and sex, but also by a willingness to engage)Tj
T*
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T*
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(placed on sexual activity were challenged, and sex became not just )Tj
T*
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[(a more accepted and talked-about part of life, but also an area of)]TJ
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[(experimentation and a symbol of the counterculture)72.2(s rejection of)]TJ
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(mainstream values. The attitude towards sex in the 1960s revolution-)Tj
T*
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(ized American culture and illustrates another example of the body)Tj
T*
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0.0272 Tw
(being used as a site of radicalism and protest. This new candor about)Tj
T*
0.0221 Tc
0.024 Tw
[(sex also ushered in the gay rights movement, which took of)16.9(f in the)]TJ
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(1970s.)Tj
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(SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY)Tj
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[(Bibby)111.3(, Michael. )]TJ
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[(Hearts and Minds: Bodies, Poetry)73.8(, and Resistance in the)]TJ
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[(V)54.8(ietnam Era)]TJ
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[(. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP)127.9(, 1996.)]TJ
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0.0001 Tw
(Charters, Ann. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
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(The Portable Beat Reader)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.2734 0 TD
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[(. New Y)94.7(ork: Penguin, 1992.)]TJ
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0.0221 Tc
0.2835 Tw
[(Echols, Alice. )]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
7.4361 0 TD
(Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America,)Tj
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0 Tw
(19671975)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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[(. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P)127.9(,)0( 1989.)]TJ
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0.0048 Tc
0.0228 Tw
(Lee, A. Robert, ed. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
9.0059 0 TD
[(The Beat Generation W)36.7(riters)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
12.9181 0 TD
(. Chicago: Pluto Press,)Tj
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(1996.)Tj
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0.0027 Tw
[(McMahon, Mary Sheila. The American State and the V)55.6(ietnam W)55.6(ar: A)]TJ
1.7297 -1.2973 TD
0.0035 Tc
0.0241 Tw
[(Genealogy of Power)111.3(. In )]TJ
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11.5888 0 TD
(The Sixties: From Memory to History)Tj
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0.0034 Tc
(. Ed.)Tj
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[(by David Farber)111.2(. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P)127.8(,)-0.1( 1994.)]TJ
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0.0085 Tw
(Perkins, David. )Tj
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7.6227 0 TD
0.0084 Tw
[(A History of Modern Poetry)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
12.7942 0 TD
0.0085 Tw
(, vol. II. Boston: Harvard)Tj
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[(UP)127.9(, 1987.)]TJ
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0.0221 Tc
0.3196 Tw
(Rosen, Ruth. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
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[(The W)54.8(orld Split Open: How the Modern W)54.8(omen)91.7(s)]TJ
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(Movement Changed America)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.9031 0 TD
[(. New Y)94.7(ork: Penguin, 2000.)]TJ
-14.6328 -1.2973 TD
0.0112 Tc
0.0164 Tw
(Steigerwald, David. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
9.555 0 TD
(The Sixties and the End of Modern America)Tj
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(. New)Tj
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0.0001 Tw
[(Y)94.7(ork: St. Martin)72.1(s Press, 1995.)]TJ
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(FURTHER RESOURCES)Tj
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[(The Academy of American Poets