Essential Readings

• Cooperative Learning
• Multiple Intelligences: Gardner's Theory

Cooperative Learning
by David and Roger Johnson, Cooperative Learning Center, University of Minnesota

In this article, by, the co-directors of the University of Minnesota Cooperative Learning Center, the authors distinguish between cooperative, competitive, and individual efforts and discuss the essential components that make cooperation work... read more

Multiple Intelligences: Gardner's Theory
by Amy C. Brualdi

Arguing that "reason, intelligence, logic, knowledge are not synonymous," Howard Gardner proposed a new view of intelligence expanded the concept of intelligence to include such areas as music, spatial relations, and interpersonal knowledge in addition to mathematical and linguistic ability. This ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) digest discusses the origins of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, his definition of intelligence, the incorporation of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences into the classroom, and its role in alternative assessment practices... read more