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• | Body continues to grow in height and weight |
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• | Girlsgrowth spurt peaks, while boys typically begin it |
• | Motor performance gradually increases, but often levels off for girls |
• | Girls usually start to menstruate and boys to ejaculate |
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• | Formal operational reasoning, the capacity for abstract, scientific thought, emerges |
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• | Thinking becomes more self-conscious, idealistic, and critical |
• | Metacognition and self-regulation further develop |
• | Vocabulary expands to include abstract words |
• | Understanding and grasp of complex grammar continues to improve |
• | Ability to grasp irony and sarcasm develops |
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• | Issues of identity emerge, potentially leading to crisis in sense of self |
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• | Sexual orientation begins to emerge |
• | Psychological disorders and sociocultural-adaptational disorders may emerge |
• | Strives for autonomy in relation to family continues to increase, and parent-child conflicts more likely to occur |
• | Friendships have greater emphasis on intimacy and loyalty |
• | Conformity to peer pressure increases |
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