Visuals: Unit 2
Animations
- Analogy for the Higgs Mechanism
- The Higgs mechanism is analogous to a pond freezing over.
- Annihilation and Creation of Particles
- When an electron and its antiparticle collide, they annihilate and new particles are created.
- ATLAS Components
- The Electromagnetic Calorimeter, the Hadronic Calorimeter and the Muon Spectrometer, send different data to the trigger.
- ATLAS Detector
- ATLAS, the largest of the LHC's six detectors, weighs around 7,000 tons, is over five stories tall, and is 100 meters underground.
- Electron-Electron Scattering
- This movie shows the simplest way two electrons can scatter.
- Gaps in the Standard Model
- Perhaps the existence of particles or interactions still to be discovered could help explain gaps in the Standard Model.
- Large Hadron Collider
- The LHC is the largest and most complicated scientific machine ever created, generating data to advance our knowledge of the fundamental forces.
- Luminosity
- The LHC will operate with unprecedented luminosity—the measure used to express the number of collisions of protons per second.
- Nambu-Goldstone boson
- A wave in field space corresponds to a physical particle.
- Proton Collisions
- When two protons collide, any particle with a mass smaller than the collision energy can be created.
- Quarks From the Vacuum
- As two bound quarks are pulled apart, new quarks pop out of the vacuum.
- Scattering Particles
- A combination particle that's a mixture of type A and type B can be turned into a pure type A or pure type B particle when it interacts with matter.
- Standard Model
- The Standard Model, the best theory we have to describe the elementary particles and interactions, does not accommodate gravity.
- Top Quarks and Leptons
- Top quarks decay into lighter particles, which decay into lighter particles. Physicists must trace back through the decay chain.
- Trigger and ATLAS Detectors
- The trigger filters 40 million events down to 200 every second, using a three step process involving different ATLAS detectors.
Photographs
- Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
- An example of conservative (right) and non-conservative (left) forces.
- Faraday and Maxwell
- Michael Faraday (left) and James Clerk Maxwell (right) unified electricity and magnetism in classical field theory.
- Feynman, Richard
- Richard Feynman was a major contributor to field of physics.
- Ripples in Lake
- Ripples in lake from a rock.
- Super-Kamiokande Experiment
- The nearly full water tank of the Super-Kamiokande experiment, which searches for nucleon decay.
- Yang and Mills
- Chen-Ning Yang and Robert Mills created a mathematical construct that lay the groundwork for future efforts to unify the forces of nature.
top of page
Graphics
- Beta Decay
- An example of beta decay.
- Compactification
- An extra dimension can curl up in a manner that is nearly impossible to discern for an inhabitant of the larger, uncurled dimensions.
- Composite Higgs
- This Feynman diagram representing a composite Higgs and top quark is a part of the Higgs mass calculation in a supersymmetric model.
- Compton Scattering
- Arthur Holly Compton (left) discovered that the frequency of light can change as it scatters off of matter.
- Conserved Charge
- The total amount of electric charge is conserved, even in complicated interactions like this one.
- Elementary Particles
- This chart shows the known fundamental particles—those of matter and those of force.
- Feynman Diagram of a Jet
- In this Feynman diagram of a jet, a single quark decays into a shower of quarks and gluons.
- Feynman diagrams
- Feynman diagram representing a simple scattering of two particles (left) and a more complicated scattering process involving two particles (right).
- Friction, Close Up
- A microscopic view of friction.
- Gravitational Wave Detector
- Schematic of a laser interferometer that can detect gravitational waves.
- Mirror Symmetry
- For the weak force, an electron's mirror image is a different type of object.
- Neutralized Charges
- Neutralized charges in QED and QCD.
- Neutron Decay
- Neutron decay from the inside.
- Photoelectric Effect
- When light shines on a metal, electrons pop out.
- Proton Decay
- The X boson mediates the decay of the proton.
- QCD at Different Energies
- The QCD coupling depends on energy.
- QED Coupling
- QED at high energies and short distances.
- Reference Frames
- Experimental results remain the same whether they are performed at rest or at a constant velocity.
- Rotation
- Rotations in physical space and "particle space."
- Scattering Cross Sections
- Two examples of a scattering cross section.
- Simulated Higgs Event
- Simulation of a Higgs event at the LHC.
- Supersymmetry
- Canceling loops in supersymmetry.
- Temperatures, Energies, and Lengths
- Energies, sizes, and temperatures in physics, and in nature.
- Train
- Spin flipping on the train.
- Unification of Quarks and Leptons
- Quarks and leptons, unified.
- Unifying the Forces
- In the Standard Model (left), the couplings for the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces never meet, while in supersymmetry (right), these forces unify near 1015 GeV.
- W Boson Scattering
- Scattering of W particles in Feynman diagrams.
- Water
- The electromagnetic force and the constituents of matter.
- Wine Bottle Potential
- The wine-bottle potential that is characteristic of spontaneous symmetry breaking.
- World as a Membrane
- The Standard Model particles could be confined to the surface of a membrane, while gravity is free to leak into other dimensions.
- Z Boson
- The Z particle at SLAC.
top
