 |  | CLUSTAL data
A CLUSTAL alignment of a segment of a gene from four species. The red letters show the amino acid sequence (R=arginine, P=proline, G=glycine, etc.). The nucleotides that are conserved in all four species are shown in the columns with an asterisk at the bottom. |
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 | | Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium that scientists claim is the most radiation-resistant organism on earth. |
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 | | Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium that scientists claim is the most radiation-resistant organism on earth. |
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 | | Genome of Deinococcus radiodurans
The genetic sequence of Deinococcus radiodurans |
|
 | | Head of Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila, the fruit fly, is a common model organism used in genetic research. It was one of the organisms sequenced in the Human Genome Project. |
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 | | Map of chromosome 3 showing location of PPARG gene
All of the genes that have been identified on chromosome 3. A single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in the PPARG gene has been implicated in Type 2 diabetes. |
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 | | Microarray experiment
A. RNA is isolated from cells from two samples (in this illustration, infected and uninfected plant cells). B. The mRNA from both samples is copied to a more stable form, called cDNA, using reverse transcriptase. C. At the same time, the cDNA is labeled with fluorescent tags (a different color tag for each sample). D. The tagged cDNA is placed on the microarray chip, where it binds to the corresponding DNA that makes up the genes that have been previously spotted on the chip. E. The chip is placed in a laser scanner, which identifies the genes that hybridize to each sample (uninfected=green; infected=red; and both samples=yellow). F. The data are displayed on a computer screen where expression of the individual genes can be identified. |
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 | | RNA processing
A gene consists of coding regions, called exons, that are interrupted with intervening noncoding regions, called introns. During transcription, the whole segment of DNA that corresponds to a gene is copied to make RNA. During RNA processing, the introns are removed and the exons are joined. A poly(A) tail is added to the mRNA. |
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 | | Sequencing
Strategies for cloning whole genomes |
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