Animations Images Antigenic Shift The influenza virus can mutate through antigenic shift, causing new outbreaks to occur in human populations. View QuickTime Movie Bacterial Conjugation Antibiotic resistance genes can be shared between bacteria through a sex pilus. View QuickTime Movie Bacterial Transformation Antibiotic resistance genes can be obtained by the uptake of free-floating DNA released from a bacterial cell that has died. View QuickTime Movie Biocomplexity View Animation Still BLAST Search A depiction of what happens in a BLAST search in the GenBank database. View QuickTime Movie Cladogram An example of a cladogram, which depicts the relatedness of taxonomic groups; uses the order Cetacea, whales, as an example. View Animation Still Creation of a Transgenic Animal The steps involved using nuclear transfer to create a transgenic goat that produces a human protein in its milk. View QuickTime Movie Creation of Golden Rice A diagrammatic representation of the enzymatic pathway constructed to produce beta carotene in the endosperm of a rice plant. View Animation Still Cyclopamine The normal Hedgehog signaling pathway is blocked by the receptor antagonist cyclopamine. View QuickTime Movie Dilution Effect As suburbs developed in New England, the forest habitat became more patchy, resulting in the disappearance of some species and the proliferation of mice -- which are the reservoir for the Lyme spirochete -- and ticks, which carry the disease to humans. This increased the proportion of infected ticks, and led to an increase in human disease. View QuickTime Movie Dispersal of Malaria and Chloroquine Resistance Comparison of the distribution of the malaria parasite and chloroquine resistance around the world. When the maps are overlaid, it is shown that there is chloroquine resistance nearly everywhere the malaria parasite exists. View Animation Still Efflux Pump An efflux pump is a mechanism used by bacteria to eject antibiotics before they can affect the cell. View QuickTime Movie Four-Gene DNA Vaccine Creating a DNA vaccine for malaria will involve producing antigens from several stages of the parasite's life cycle. View QuickTime Movie Genetic Data Demonstrates how scientists use genetic data to build a phylogeny and determine relatedness between a group of organisms. View QuickTime Movie Haplotypes A brief description of the concept of a haplotype. View QuickTime Movie Hedgehog Gradient The level of Hedgehog protein a cell binds during development can influence its fate. View QuickTime Movie Hedgehog Signaling The Hedgehog signaling pathway triggers expression of other developmentally important genes. View QuickTime Movie HIV DNA Vaccine A brief description of how DNA might be used as a vaccine for HIV. View QuickTime Movie HIV Infection A description of HIV structure and how it infects T cells. View QuickTime Movie HIV Receptors Still one: The two distinct co-receptors on the surface of T cells are CXCR4 and CCR5, both requiring CD4 for the entry of the HIV virus. CCR5 is the receptor used for entry in the asymptomatic phase; during the symptomatic phase the viruses can use the CXCR4 receptor. Still two: There is a mutant CCR5 gene that fails to produce a functioning receptor, explaining the inability of some people to be infected by HIV. View Animation Still Homeobox The color-shaded regions represent homeotic genes called Hox genes. The dark band within each gene represents a 180-base-pair region called the homeodomain. View Animation Still Homeodomain A 3-D model of a protein with a homeodomain, a "helix-turn-helix" motif that acts as a transcription factor by binding directly to DNA to turn on other genes. View QuickTime Movie Hominoid Family Tree Family tree of hominoids, including the apes and man. View Animation Still How a Proto-Oncogene Becomes an Oncogene A depiction of some types of mutations that can occur to turn a proto-oncogene into an oncogene. View QuickTime Movie Human Family Bush The "Hominid Family Bush" made up of modern humans, their ancestors, and their now-extinct relatives. View Animation Still Human Migration Hypotheses Most scientists agree that an early hominid species evolved in Africa and spread across the Old World. After that, there is still some debate between the Multiregional hypothesis and the Out of Africa (or Replacement) hypothesis as to how modern humans came to evolve and populate the globe. View QuickTime Movie Immune System Overview An overview of the specific immune system. View QuickTime Movie Increased Receptor Sensitivity In LTP, it is now known that the postsynaptic neuron becomes more sensitive to neurotransmitter in a variety of ways. One way is that phophorylation of the glutamate receptor causes it to pass more excitatory ions upon subsequent stimulation. View QuickTime Movie Influenza Infection Description of how the influenza virus infects a cell, and the role of hemagglutinin in the release of RNA from the viral core. View QuickTime Movie Long-Term Potentiation In LTP, neurons continue to fire at an elevated rate, even though the stimulus has returned to normal. View QuickTime Movie LTP Mechanisms The two main hypotheses to explain LTP are presynaptic, in which increased neurotransmitter is released; and postsynaptic, in which sensitivity to neurotransmitter is somehow increased. View QuickTime Movie Malarial Infection Description of the malarial life cycle within the human body. View QuickTime Movie Mass Spectrometer A depiction of what happens inside a mass spectrometer. View QuickTime Movie Microarray Experiment A depiction of a typical microarray experiment to discover which genes are expressed in a given sample. View QuickTime Movie Mitochondrial DNA A 3-D animation of the way that a zygote receives nuclear, or genomic, DNA from both parents (sperm and egg cells) but inherits mitochondrial DNA only from the mother. View QuickTime Movie Mitochondrial Eve This shows how one female ancestor passed on her mitochondrial DNA to everyone living today. This woman, called "Mitochondrial Eve," probably lived only 200,000–-300,000 years ago. View QuickTime Movie Neuronal Stem Cells Fred Gage has found that new neurons are formed in two areas of the brain: the hippocampus (shown in yellow) and in the subventricular zone (in light blue). View Animation Still New Theoretical Approach in Whale Phylogeny A phylogeny depicting the new picture of whale ancestry. View Animation Still Open Reading Frame A brief description of the concept of an open reading frame (ORF). View QuickTime Movie p53's Role in the Cell Shows various roles that p53 plays in the cell to protect the genome of the organism. View QuickTime Movie Recombinant DNA The steps involved in genetically modifying a plant. View QuickTime Movie Regulatory Hypothesis This animation illustrates the experiments that Ajit Varki, Wolf Enard, and Svente Paabo carried out to compare the gene expression between chimpanzees, humans, and an outgroup, the Rhesus monkey. While gene expression was similar between humans and chimps in the liver and blood, they showed very different patterns of gene expression in the brain. View QuickTime Movie Retinoic Acid A retinoic acid gradient controls the activation of many developmentally important genes. Disruptions in the embryo's retinoic acid levels can lead to malformation of the embryo. View QuickTime Movie Reward Pathway The main structures that make up the reward pathway are the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens (both shown in purple), the amygdala (in green), and the prefrontal cortex (in grey). View Animation Still Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) An explanation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). View QuickTime Movie Spatial and Temporal Colinearity Hox genes display spatial colinearity: genes at one end of the chromosome are expressed at the head end of an embryo, while genes at the other end are expressed toward the tail end. Vertebrate Hox genes also show temporal colinearity: genes at the head end are expressed before those at the tail end. View QuickTime Movie Species Richness vs. Lyme Disease Ostfeld's study found that as species richness declined, the incidence of Lyme disease increased. View Animation Still Synapse Neurons have two ends—dendrites and an axon—which they use to communicate with one another via neurotransmitters. View QuickTime Movie Synaptic Vesicles Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, freeing neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic space. View QuickTime Movie Telomeres Shows the concept of how the ends of chromosomes, the telomeres, shorten each time the cell divides. View QuickTime Movie Test Strip—Cedar Creek Each year, David Tilman collects the plant matter from a strip (10 cm by 3 m) from each of his experimental plots to examine the effects of species diversity on biomass. View Animation Still The Biofilm Lifecycle An animated description of biofilm formation, growth, communication, and dispersal. View QuickTime Movie The Cell Cycle: Cyclins and Checkpoints A depiction of the cell cycle and role that cyclins play in the process. This animation also shows the role of checkpoints in regulating the cell cycle. View QuickTime Movie The Evolution of Protein-Protein Interactions A depiction of how evolution can affect the way proteins interact with other proteins. View QuickTime Movie The Signal Transduction Pathway A depiction of the signal transduction pathway that is involved with the growth process of the cell. View QuickTime Movie The Three Domains A cladogram comparing the three domains of life; specifically, the differences between the archaea and bacteria. View QuickTime Movie The Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein A depiction of the subsets of a protein structure. View QuickTime Movie Theory of DNA Repair in Deinococcus A depiction of the DNA repair process that Jonathon Eisen postulates might be happening in Deinococcus radiodurans after it is exposed to radiation. View QuickTime Movie Tilman's Experimental Plots Tilman compares plots with few species (on left) to those with more species (as on the right). He has found that more diverse plots recover from disturbances like drought more quickly than those with fewer species. View Animation Still Tree of Life—Lateral Gene Transfer Diagram Revised "tree of life" with all groups divided into their domains. Includes information about lateral gene transfer and the endosymbiosis of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. View Animation Still Virtual Ligand Screening in Drug Design Shows how a computer program can be used to fit potential drug molecules into a site of interest on a protein. View QuickTime Movie

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